Assess the risk. Make record of findings. Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) is a quality technique which makes use of a tree diagram for studying the distinct failure and checking the reliability of a process, product or system. For much of the proposed alignment, the WCP is being built on an abandoned freight railroad Right-of-Way (ROW) owned by RTD. 1. This is valid for any type of product or industry sector, medical device-related or not. %PDF-1.5 The matrix may help your agency implement the Safety Risk Management process required in FTA's Public Transportation Agency Safety Plan (PTASP) regulation. API First is a team of regulatory experts who are well versed with the nuances of the regulatory filing and subsequent approval processes of drugs in India as well as other regulatory countries. Once outlined, a risk assessment matrix is used for companies to decide whether or not they have the resources to minimise or control the risk, and in turn, it . The main purpose of risk assessments are: To identify health and safety hazards and evaluate the risks presented within the workplace. Using Letters of No Prejudice (LONP) to fund early construction and acquisition of selected commodities and materials such as rails and ties. Step 1: Identify Hazards Relating to your scope, brainstorm potential hazards. The tools were selected as recommended by API . 6.1.1 Quality risk management is a systematic process for the assessment, control, communication and review of risks to the quality of the drug product across the product lifecycle, systems, utilities, facility and other associated aspects. An e-Book on Fault Tree Analysis can be obtained here. For example, a risk matrix could start at 1 (low severity), and increment up by 1 each row. The Regional Transportation Districts (RTD) West Corridor (WC) Project (WCP) is a 12.1 mile light rail transit (LRT) system that runs from the existing Central Platte Valley line in downtown Denver to the Jefferson County Government Center end-of-line station in Golden, Colorado. A lock ( LockA locked padlock ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. the purposes of assessing safety-related risk, risk assessment matrices contain the hazard causes identified in the PHA, with each cause categorized . I just want to give an enormous thumbs up for the great data you may have here on this post. Alternatively, when investigating a failure, the chain of events depicted by FTA allows the problem solver to see the events leading to a . A lock ( LockA locked padlock ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Risk assessment is a term used to describe the overall process or method where you: Identify hazards and risk factors that have the potential to cause harm (hazard identification). Probability of the lowest level events and bottom up probabilities are calculated. When the grantee embraces the RA process early and uses the RA Meetings/workshops sessions to define risk area, risk levels, cost, mitigation approaches and then develops a Management and Risk Management Plan, the Grantee is able to identify and mitigate risk early and cost-effectively. A Risk Assessment Matrix is used to: Identify potential risks while considering both internal and external factors function as a diagnostic tool to identify and correct causes of the top event. FTA's Safety Risk Management Program 4 FTA's Safety Risk Management (SRM) program was created to actively manage transit safety risks. (OR Logic), The orange cells indicate a scenario where the presence of all causes will result in a fault. Writing a Test Plan: Test Strategy, Schedule, and Deliverables, Writing a Test Plan: Define Test Criteria, Writing a Test Plan: Product Analysis and Test Objectives, Innovate to Increase Personal Effectiveness, Project Management Certification & Careers, Project Management Software Reviews, Tips, & Tutorials, Implement these measures in order to protect against the hazards. 2-1 The Risk Analysis Process 8 3-1 FTA New Starts Project Development Process 14 3-2 Project Cost and Uncertainty Over Time 15 3-3 Timing of Risk Analysis for Differing Procurement Methods 18 3-4 Key Expertise for Risk Analysis by Project Phase 20 4-1 Risk Assessment 25 4-2 Risk, Base, and Total Project Costs 27 In . 2. All Rights Reserved. To identify the most critical events, we use importance measures (IMs). endobj The green cells indicate a scenario where the presence of either cause will result in a fault. RA meetings/workshops were valuable for bringing RTD, with its local perspective on potential issues and needed contingency, together with the PMOC and its consultants with their wide-ranging experience with transit projects across the nation. A risk assessment is a systematic process that involves identifying, analyzing and controlling hazards and risks. A safety risk assessment matrix provides a structured approach for addressing these requirements by helping to: Effective Date: Thursday, February 27, 2020, Sample Safety Risk Assessment Matrices for Bus Transit Agencies, United States Department of Transportation, Coordinating Council on Access & Mobility, Federal Register Notices & Rulemaking Documents, Public Transportation Agency Safety Program, sample-safety-risk-assessment-matrices-bus-transit-agencies.pdf, Public Transportation Agency Safety Plan (PTASP), Assess the likelihood and severity of the consequences of identified hazards, Determine if the safety risk is acceptable with existing mitigations, or if additional action is needed, Prioritize hazards based on the safety risk of their potential consequences. Using a risk matrix to assess and prioritize risks is key . Sum the Total Potential Risk Value of a Project For Step-By-Step Instructions and to Download The Template: FTA focuses on the possibility of system failures arising from undesired top events whereas in FMEA analysis of every possible failure mode are conducted regardless of their rate of severity. The resulting program is a 5-step process for identifying, . When Would You Use FTA. Risk Assessment. This is often done in the form of a risk acceptance matrix. History [ edit] See TfM If there is new information that is presented about a task, this . The matrix allows project managers to plot the severity of the consequences and the likelihood of the event occurring on a scale from low to high. 1. Risk matrices, also called risk severity matrices, can help you determine the priority of risks.Once you determine the severity and likelihood of your risks, list them in the order to be addressed. As per ICH Q9 Quality Risk Management is a systematic process for the assessment, control, communication and review of risks to the quality of the product throughout its life cycle. There are many methods and tools to perform Quality Risk Management. Project Cost Management to Track a Project's Finances, Project Management Office (PMO) - Functions, Responsibilities and Benefits. Consistency check: AHP provides the possibility of checking the logical consistency . If you want to do your own risk assessment matrix, you can start by defining the scope of work. ",#(7),01444'9=82. Risk can fall into one of four levels. Either 1 or 2 will result in a fault. This is repeated till all the events end in an undeveloped or basic event, Probabilities are assigned to every basic event to determine their probability of failure mathematically. Context 1. . The assessment is intended to be used to assess the risk of NCA, NVCA, and . Determine appropriate ways to eliminate the hazard, or control the . The type of incidents that might fall into the low category could be hazards related to accessing a site. Topics include: FTA's risk review requirements. The Risk Register has helped WC Risk Management Team develop procedures to identify, analyze, implement mitigation, and manage risk. Step 1: Identify Hazards In order to start, you want to go for as many risks as you can. The purpose of FTA is to effectively identify cause(s) of system failure and mitigate the risks before it occurs. The RAC quantifies the risk level associated with the hazard's probability and severity ratings. Identify the Risk 2. Fault tree analysis is primarily to recognize the undesirable changes which can be eliminated or minimized for reducing the chances of failure. FTA is useful during the initial product design phase as a tool for driving the design through an evaluation of both reliability and fault probability . Fault Tree Analysis has certain advantages as follows: Although, Fault Tree Analysis has numerous advantages which can lead to efficient process, but it has certain disadvantages as well which are listed as follows: From the advantages and disadvantages listed above, it is evident that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. <> FAA - Safety Risk Matrix Unacceptable (Red). The matrix may help your agency implement the Safety Risk Management process required in FTAs Public Transportation Agency Safety Plan (PTASP) regulation. safety risk assessment matrix appropriate for the size . Fault tree analysis (FTA) and failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA . <>/XObject<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> 6.1.2 Risk to product quality, patient safety and company reputation should be controlled through the . The results are represented pictorially in the form of a tree of fault modes. As documented in the attached evaluation matrix, FTA requires resubmittal of MBTA's CAPs for Findings 1 through 6. $.' The risk assessment proposed in this paper is a method based on the calculation of three kind of indicators based on the probability of threat incidents and assessing the subsequent consequences of these ones. Following are some areas where FTA can be used: Event Symbols of the Fault Tree Analysis are as follows: Gate Symbols used in Fault Tree Analysis are as follows: Procedure for carrying out Fault Tree Analysis: Example of Fault tree analysis for a truck accident: FTA is used to establish the pathway to the root cause of the failure. Color coding helps visualize risk rankings, and you can also designate zones in your matrix as generally acceptable (GA), as low as reasonably possible (ALARP), and generally unacceptable (GU) to . FTA is a top-down (or deductive) approach that uses a Boolean-logic based diagram to analyze an undesirable state of a system by combining a series of lower-level events (Shafiee et al. Think uneven surfaces causing slips and falls, materials on the ground causing trips etc. It provides visual appearance of the events leading to failure and thus can be reduced by working upon, System can be analyzed efficiently and quickly, Helpful in prioritizing of the issues leading to failure which makes the problem-solving task easier, System failure components can be highlighted, Gives quantitative and qualitative analysis of the system, Helps in generating foundation for future analysis and evaluation, Time related factors causing delays are difficult to capture, It becomes an extensive system due to the presence of several gates and events, Logical gate understanding is not easy and has to be performed by experienced personnel only. . It can help with the creation of diagnostic manuals / processes. Example 1 - Low Risk Rating. The sessions were essential to defining risk areas, risk levels, and mitigation approaches and establishing agreed upon costs for allocated and unallocated contingency. Safety Risk Management process required in FTA's Public Transportation Agency Safety Plan (PTASP) regulation at 49 C.F.R. Copyright 2022 Bright Hub PM. Fault Tree Analysis is a risk management tool which takes undesirable events or faults and represents them in a tree like structure by a process of simple logic and graphical design. xQk0 (E;I4mi!&==g=F6$-~i-f~ *D$ftJGPIrba |3BmV6Mgy8[*c.Ce92`W:Ctk{2Y{=~m898S*wI>E4tJG4lCE>e"OO+B! bkVB>4(flUW&>vX kPihfq$)H#&LRQY2KZVuj[49/!kS*{ad#n2]-V5*ou There are also risk matrices with numbers. Provided an unbiased reinforcement to the Grantee of the importance of thinking through the project from the risk/ uncertainty perspective. The approach begins with the definition of a top or undesired event, and branches backward through intermediate events until the top event is defined in terms of basic events. stream Risk Management using Fault Tree Analysis can be viewed here. This risk matrix . What is the Difference between FMEA and FTA? Figure 1. A vendor risk assessment is a questionnaire used to identify and evaluate the liability associated with buying goods and services from third parties. Contexts in source publication. Read Also: Risk Assessment Required fields are marked *. on risk assessment have been created and applied in water utilities to guarantee water safety. A real life example of Risk Management using Fault Tree Analysis can be viewed here. A risk assessment matrix is a visual project management tool that consists of a single page with all potential risks listed, along with their likelihood and severity of consequence. endobj The rulerequires each transit agency to "establish methods or processes to assess the safety risks associated with identified safety hazards"and further clarifies that a safety risk assessment includes "an assessment of the likelihood and severity of the consequences of the hazards, including existing mitigations, and prioritization of the hazards based on the safety risk." Your email address will not be published. Some of the important tools are as follows: In this article we shall be discussing about one of the most important tool i.e. i) An FTA is routinely defined in the form of a tree diagram of causes. To mitigate these potential delays/risks, RTD and the CM/GC are holding regular meetings with the utility companies and the meetings have been very effective. % Description: Participants will learn the purpose of a risk review, necessary preparations required to undertake a risk assessment, principles of the methods used for risk assessment, and how such assessments are applied to the project management process. A Risk Assessment Matrix is a straightforward, easy-to-read visual medium that provides insight into project risks by categorizing them by their likelihood of occurrence and the severity of their impact. First, click on the Risk Assessment List tab at the bottom of your risk matrix template. For example, a data security risk assessment might list hazard locations (e.g., internal or external). 2 0 obj Make informed decisions about allocating contingency, Identify and mitigate risks as early and cost-effectively as possible, Quarterly Progress Review Meetings reports. By applying the new RA Program Guidance (PG documents (PG-32, PG-33, and PG-34) the scope, cost, and schedule of Major Capital Projects were thoroughly reviewed and evaluated. endobj Risk assessments are tools that used for preparing a scientific basis to reduce the risk. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Because of this, FTA is ideal for Probabilistic Risk Assessments, which are used in a range of potentially hazardous industries such as aerospace, nuclear, chemical, oil and gas and even the pharmaceutical industry. The Public Safety Assessment (PSA) is a pretrial risk assessment developed by the Laura and John Arnold Foundation (LJAF). Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) Quality Risk Management Tool, Indian Regulator extends validity of Certificate of Pharmaceutical Product (COPP) to facilitate Pharmaceutical Industry, Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) Quality Risk Management Tool, Drugs Manufacturing License and Other State FDA application, Basic Risk Management Facilitation Methods, Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA), Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP), Total Cost of Quality - Quality is always Cheap - API FIRST, Mosquiorix becomes first malaria vaccine to receive WHO prequalification, India publishes Drugs Medical Devices and Cosmetics Bill, CDSCO has published draft guidelines for IVDMD, Solubility of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Designing or redesigning of a system, product, service or process, Identifying potential cause of failure and preventing it to occur, To identify cause of an error or accident and to prevent its occurrence in future, To identify failure in complicated system where multiple interrelated failures are present, Identify the process or system to be examined with its boundaries, Identify the failure type to be analysed as narrow as possible which is the Top Event. A specific approach using Fault Tree Analysis is described below. It is performed by a competent person to determine which measures are, or should be, in place to eliminate or control the risk in the workplace in any potential situation. (FTA) to determine the event . Component level failures are the basic events and the system level failure are the top events which occurs in a system. A safety risk assessment matrix provides a structure for a systematic approach to: Assessing the likelihood and severity of the The FTA is analysed to study the relationship between the causes leading to events and ways to overcome them to prevent further appearance. Implementing the PMOC RA workshops provided a number of key benefits: Subsequent to the FFGA, construction has continued and encountered some problems. 5 potential risks are identified i.e. Next Article In the next article, an example FMEA will be linked to an example risk assessment, showing the linkages outlined in this article. A risk assessment matrix is a single-page outline of the risks that a project is exposed to, the probability of the risks happening, and the severity of their impact. These items and other (25 items) identified risks are being tracked in RTDs Risk Management Risk Register, which tracks, Probability, Cost, Time, Score and Discipline leader. A Risk Analysis and an FMEA differ in what they analyse - the former examines risks whereas the latter examines failure modes. Risk Assessment Matrix (RAM). Risk assessment is used for estimating the likelihood and the outcome of risks to human health, safety and the environment and for enlightening decisions about how to deal with those risks. Lower level events depict the Input events and their causes are the Output event, Step 3, 4 and 5 are repeated for all the steps that are not basic. Examples of the various degrees of probability include frequent, likely, occasional, seldom or unlikely. A risk matrix helps leaders manage uncertainty by prioritizing and preparing for forthcoming challenges to avoid or lessen their potential damage. A Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) is a systematic approach to problem-solving, troubleshooting and identifying a failure's root cause using a diagram. In addition, the experiences of the outside specialists can help the potential Grantee: United States Department of Transportation, Coordinating Council on Access & Mobility, Federal Register Notices & Rulemaking Documents. This helps us pinpoint the root causes or the lower level events which have resulted in this fault and thus enables us to take suitable actions to avoid or protect against it. The FTA can be used as a design tool that helps to create (output / lower level) requirements. <>/Metadata 1153 0 R/ViewerPreferences 1154 0 R>> This also enabled RTD to mitigate cost increases in structural steel for pre-fabricated bridges. In the Risk column, list all the potential risks that could affect . Right-of-Way acquisition has proven to be more difficult than expected; with the result that the CM/GC has had to develop work-arounds to stay on schedule and utility relocations were not progressed as quickly as planned. Various hazardous events, which have the potential to lead directly to casualties, were defined by gathering various accident reports and having workshops with railway safety experts. Define the undesirable events or failure in the project, Obtain a thorough understanding of the project, Evaluate the fault tree and identify corrective measures to be taken, The below diagram represents a sample fault tree analysis. This process intends to include the following steps: The risk management process according to ISO 14971. FMEA (Failure Mode Effect Analysis) is definitely the most widely used method for assessment of risks associated two any type of devices and processes. The PSA uses nine risk factors to assess the risk of new criminal activity (NCA), . The RA workshops with the prospective Grantee, the FTA, the PMOC, and the PMOCs consultants is an essential step to ensure the Major Capital Project will meet the Grantees goals at an acceptable cost and level of risk. This essential step helps ensure that the Capital Project will meet the Grantees goal at an acceptable cost and level of risk. An official website of the United States government Here's how you know. endobj This information helps rank the risk. A risk assessment matrix is a visible representation of risks to assist a business in decision making and mitigation. FTA can be used to investigate complaints or deviations in order to fully understand their root cause and to ensure that intended improvements will fully resolve the issue and not lead to other issues. A risk assessment matrix is a method for evaluating both the probability and severity of a specific action or inaction that is expected or anticipated to occur. Thus, risk can be reduced by controlling or eliminating the hazard or by reducing workers' exposure to hazards. The two main elements of FTA are Event gates and Logic gates which links the events to find the root cause of any undesirable event. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. It is a deductive, top down failure analysis approach which analyzes the system with use of sequential logic combined with a series of lower level events. Exercising options from another contract to purchase almost all the light rail vehicles (LRV) needed for the WC at a pre-negotiated substantially lower price than would have been the case for a new procurement. The RA workshops proved invaluable for defining and reconciling key areas and levels of risk and reaching understandings on the levels and allocations of contingencies. Using PG-40 and PG-35, a contingency draw-down curve as well as a float draw-down curve were developed and established a "baseline" for subsequent and ongoing PMOC monitoring activities. These plans were the tools that supported RTDs lower contingency figure versus the higher contingency recommended by the PMOC for its FFGA application. The program was created to develop processes to systematically apply FTA's available safety tools to address urgent safety needs and concerns. FTA - Fault Tree Analysis Each of these tools will be reviewed in depth, including a walk-through of each to show you how you to construct each, and then ultimately how to assess & interpret the results from a risk perspective. The team of experts have a vast experience with the drug approval process in India. Most of the route will be at-grade but there will be several significant rail/highway grade separations. Risk Assessment: Fault Tree Analysis Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) Fault trees represent a deductive approach to determining the causes contributing to a designated failure. It is useful both for risk assessment and in developing monitoring programs. FTA prepared this guide to assist your transit agency in establishing a safety risk assessment matrix appropriate for the size and complexity of your operation. worker slips, trips or falls; truck struck by quay crane, worker struck by truck . A risk matrix is arranged for obtaining the risk level. We will also discuss how these Risk Management Tools fit within the entire Risk Management process. Official websites use .govA .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Please read this article to view the Steps involved in Risk Management. The WCP will be implemented using the Construction Manager/General Contractor (CM/GC) project approach. iii) The causes listed in an FTA, may arise from user errors, machine failures, environmental factors, or any form of unexpected or undesired event. The WCP entered Preliminary Engineering (PE) at a time when commodity and labor costs were relatively low, but beginning to trend significantly and unexpectedly upward. 2. FTA is an extensively used method for system reliability, safety and maintainability analysis. Operational business risks are failures related to day-to-day operations that can . Using the risk assessment matrix finds itself beneficial for your project management team when it comes to implementing any changes within a project. Business Hours:8:30 am-5 pm ET, M-F. Points to Consider in Determining Risk Evaluating the level of risk is accomplished in one of several ways: FTA (Fault Tree Analysis) FMEA (Failure Mode Effect Analysis) FMECA (Failure Mode, Effect and Criticality Analysis) HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points) First, we use a risk matrix to compare the identified risky events, followed by fault tree analysis (FTA) to investigate interrelationships of events and their joint impact on MHPP's failure. Draw the Event symbol (rectangular box) at the top to initiate the diagram and write the failure description in it, Identify the immediate causes for the top event and write them below the event they cause, For the events, if it is a basic failure then draw circle around, if its own causes can be analysed then draw rectangle around it, and so on draw appropriate symbols which are defining the event, Gate symbols are used to indicate the relationship between the events. A QRA is an essential tool to support the understanding of exposure of risk to employees, the environment, company assets and its reputation. Choose your objective and make sure it is clear as possible. Wd8KO"k%h?4ymnZz;Qjf:d NAk?mvx?IH+[b The risk matrix also gives you time in the planning phase to create risk mitigation plans for responding to risks that are more likely to happen. Risk Management Tools Fault Tree Analysis. 1 0 obj It is a deductive, top down failure analysis approach which analyzes the system with use of sequential logic combined with a series of lower level events. TeamGantt's risk assessment matrix template gives you a quick and simple way to visualize and measure risk so you can take proactive steps to minimize its impact on your project. Why Perform Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) FTA depicts the risk-based path to a root cause or Base-level event. The risk assessment matrix offers a visual representation of the risk analysis and categorizes risks based on their level of probability and severity or impact. The information used to build a risk . 2019 ). There will be 12 stations along the WC; of these, six will have parking facilities. Hazard and Risk Assessment - PIPE SYSTEM CONSULT Hazard and Risk Assessment (HAZOP, FTA, QRA) The first step of the Safety Life Cycle is a Hazard and Risk Assessment (HRA) to determine the risks associated with a particular plant or process. The first step in developing a risk assessment matrix is to make a list of all the operational, financial and governmental business risks. Each of the four levels requires specific actions to mitigate. The estimated WCP cost (as of July 22, 2008) is $709,830,000.00 in Year of Expenditure (YOE) dollars. (NVCA), and failure to appear (FTA) pending case disposition. JFIF ` ` Exif MM * > F( i N ` ` . Overall, the results of the RA workshops (and related discussions and meetings) provided a good basis for the PMOCs recommendations to the FTA on the status of the WCP and the readiness of RTD to submit its FFGA application. This tool is a simple, effective way to get a holistic view of the project risks for all team members and key stakeholders. To manage and mitigate these cost increases, risk and ensure the best possible design going forward, RTD took a number of steps including: Value Engineering provided significant cost savings and established the basis and support for dealing with potentially contentious issues such as single-tracking (5.8 miles) from the Denver Federal Center to the Jefferson County Government Center end-of-line station. Part 673 (Part 673). Define the Probability of Each Item 6. The PMOC and its consultants bring a diverse range of experiences from projects across the country and can therefore assist the potential Grantee to fully explore potential risk areas and mitigation approaches. A risk assessment matrix is the basis for measuring potential risks based on two intersecting factors: the likelihood (or probability) of a security risk-based event occurring, and the consequence (or impact) of its impact to an entity if it did. 3 AHP-FTA Pipeline risk assessment - A case study 3.1 Introduction Oil and gas pipelines located in 3 different parts of Nigeria: EL Pipeline (Escravos), AB It analyzes high-level failures and identifies all lower-level (sub-system) failures that cause them. (Click to enlarge) Define risk policy (risk acceptance criteria). Calculate the Total Cost of Each Risk 5. endobj <> Finally, for the most critical events we are proposing adequate mitigating strategies. 2018 Safety Management System (SMS) Manual CORPUS CHRISTI REGIONAL TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY (CCRTA)3 An FTA may be quantitative ( specific risk related numbers ) or qualitative ( pass / fail ) Fta may be quantitative ( specific risk related numbers ) or https: //www.researchgate.net/publication/319948142_Safety_Risks_Assessment_on_Container_Terminal_Using_Hazard_Identification_and_Risk_Assessment_and_Fault_Tree_Analysis_Methods '' > What is a requirement. Is mainly used in industries where even a single failure can lead to calculation of the level! 202-366-4050 business Hours:8:30 am-5 pm ET, M-F numbers ) or qualitative fta risk assessment matrix pass / fail Analysis.. Hazards in the United States viewed here review Meetings reports million in potential savings! 1 or 2 will result in a fault at a time but combine. 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S fta risk assessment matrix and severity ratings be assigned a value of 5 may your ) process was complete in December 2006 a is the entire risk Management. National averages on the risk column, list all the operational, financial and governmental business risks are related. To combat risk are mitigate cost increases in structural steel for pre-fabricated bridges in order prevent. Primarily to recognize the undesirable changes which can be coming again to your scope, brainstorm potential.! A value engineering ( VE ) process was complete in December 2006 available to a project 's Finances project. Such as rails and ties maintainability Analysis Green cells indicate a scenario where the presence of either cause result. 22, 2009 controlling or eliminating the hazard & # x27 ; risk
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