The mismatches may be explained by differences in fetal metabolism and placental differences [109, 110]. With this respect, oral fluid is a good alternative to breathalyzer assessment, because it provides simultaneous identification of alcohol and other psychoactive drugs, and also allows the sample to be stored and reanalyzed if there is a judicial request [16]. We searched the database of articles in the Journal of Analytical Toxicology to find references that use XTR tips for solid phase extraction with these other alternative matrices. Pediatrics 80:836838 (PMID: 3684393), Abdel-Latif ME, Pinner J, Clews S, Cooke F, Lui K, Oei J (2006) Effects of breast milk on the severity and outcome of neonatal abstinence syndrome among infants of drug-dependent mothers. PMC J Sep Sci 34:17161721. Drug testing in forensic toxicology has been historically and traditionally performed in whole blood, plasma, serum and urine specimens, which are considered conventional or traditional biological fluids [1, 2]. J Anal Toxicol 38:397403. Part of Springer Nature. J Perinatol 23:624628. PLoS ONE 6:e28824. We present a series of 29 necropsies in which organic compounds (including benzodiazepines, barbiturates, antidepressants, phenothiazine, opiates, cannabinoids . Brain Sci 8:96. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8060096(open access article), Wada M, Ikeda R, Kuroda N, Nakashima K (2010) Analytical methods for abused drugs in hair and their applications. Forensic Sci Int 305:109999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.109999, Fels H, Lottner-Nau S, Sax T, Roider G, Graw M, Auwrter V, Musshoff F (2019) Postmortem concentrations of the synthetic opioid U-47700 in 26 fatalities associated with the drug. J Anal Toxicol. Ther Drug Monit 42:205221. https://doi.org/10.1080/03602532.2019.1671859, Carlier J, La Maida N, Di Trana A, Huestis MA, Pichini S, Busard FP (2020) Testing unconventional matrices to monitor for prenatal exposure to heroin, cocaine, amphetamines, synthetic cathinones, and synthetic opioids. J Pharm Biomed Anal. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-020-00553-8, Kernallguen A, Enjalbal C, Alvarez J-C, Belgacem O, Lonetti G, Lafitte D, Plissier-Alicot A-L (2018) Synthetic cannabinoid isomers characterization by MALDI-MS3 imaging: application to single scalp hair. https://doi.org/10.1097/GRF.0b013e31827e6b71, Hale TW, Rowe HE (2017) Medications and mothers milk. Introduction to INTip Solid Phase Extraction, HybridSPE Phospholipid Removal Technology, DPX Technologies Continues Business Expansion Despite Economic Climate from the Pandemic. Google Scholar, Higashi T (2012) Salivary hormone measurement using LC/MS/MS: specific and patient-friendly tool for assessment of endocrine function. InsectsorInsecta(from Latininsectum) arehexapodinvertebratesand the largest group within thearthropodphylum. Sweat volume normalization remains as a pending issue. Forensic Sci Int 41:125134. Evolution of Forensic Entomotoxicology Page Se1 Editorial Special Edition "Advances in Forensic Entomotoxicology" Most individuals firstthink of insects when they hear the word 'entomology,' yet entomology is a much broader topic involved with the study of multiple organisms such as mil- J Liq Chromatogr 17:883890. Drug Test Anal 9:905915. https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0000000000000327, Cone EJ, Hillsgrove MJ, Jenkins AJ, Keenan RM, Darwin WD (1994) Sweat testing for heroin, cocaine, and metabolites. On the other hand, meconium testing has some limitations. J Forensic Leg Med 36:126135. J Arthropod Borne Dis. The excretion of substances into HBM depends on physicochemical characteristics of the compound, including molecular weight, ionization degree (pKa) and the solubility in lipids as well as the pH of milk (6.56.8) [140]. As forensic entomotoxicology is a relatively new field, it has many limitations. Toxicol Forensic Med Open J. Minas Gerais 1889, Araguari, MG 38444-128, Brazil, You can also search for this author in [79]. [222] have also detected the NPS 4-fluoroamphetamine in cerumen specimens. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X15666161111112545, Salomone A, Gazzilli G, Di Corcia D, Gerace E, Vincenti M (2016) Determination of cathinones and other stimulant, psychedelic, and dissociative designer drugs in real hair samples. Korean J Intern Med 24:110. Bruno Spinosa De Martinis. J Anal Toxicol 18:298305. Entomotoxicology studies the application of toxicological analysis to carrion-feeding insects in order to identify drugs and toxins present on intoxicated tissues. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00246-7, Penders J, Verstraete A (2006) Laboratory guidelines and standards in clinical and forensic toxicology. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkw009 (open access article), Harper DR (1989) A comparative study of the microbiological contamination of postmortem blood and vitreous humour samples taken for ethanol determination. However, several limitations of entomotoxicology have been highlighted, especially concerning interpretation of the . Clin Obstet Gynecol 56:202211. Basically, these devices consist of an absorbent cellulose patch (where the substances are deposited), which is adhered to the skin by an adjacent adhesive. Forensic Sci Int 315:110428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110428, Minoli M, Casati S, Angeli I, Ravelli A, Rota P, Allevi P, Orioli M (2019) Analysis of hydroxy-cocaine metabolites as evidence of cocaine consumption: identification by parent ion search and quantitation by UHPLC-MS/MS in hair. https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2018-0566, Sorribes-Soriano A, Esteve-Turrillas FA, Armenta S, Amors P, Herrero-Martnez JM (2019) Amphetamine-type stimulants analysis in oral fluid based on molecularly imprinting extraction. Use of insects as alternative matrix for drug detection is well. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-015-0294-5(open access article), Cox D, Phipps RAJ, Levine B, Jacobs A, Fowler D (2007) Distribution of phencyclidine into vitreous humor. Alternative Matrices Highlighted Applications Extraction Methods for Hair Samples Hair analysis is growing in popularity due to the non-invasive nature of sample collection. Several clinical studies about infant exposure through breastfeeding are summarized in Drugs and Lactation Database [147]. Once the test strip is immersed in water, results can be obtained within 38min. J Anal Toxicol 42:437445. Although being less common for drug monitoring applications, Macroduct Sweat Analysis (ELITECH Wescor Inc., South Logan, UT, USA) is another device dedicated to the collection of sweat. She has worked in the Toxicology & Chemistry Unit and the Biology & Serology Unit at the National Forensic Science Laboratory, Nepal, where she analysed forensic case samples. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/29.5.398(open access article), Ntoupa PSA, Armaos KP, Athanaselis SA, Spiliopoulou CA, Papoutsis II (2020) Study of the distribution of antidepressant drugs in vitreous humor using a validated GC/MS method. J Anal Toxicol 28:260263. For detailed description of the oral fluid collection devices, refer to [15, 20, 21]. Drug Test Anal 9:898904. Factors governing the excretion of substances into sweat are lipophilicity, molecular mass, protein binding and pKa of the molecule [79]. Analytical methods using LC have been developed as well, using diverse techniques such as HPLCUV [162], high-performance liquid chromatographydiode array detection [155, 171, 176, 179, 184], LC with fluorescence detector (e.g., [174]), LCMS/MS (e.g., [173, 175, 185]) and liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LCTOF-MS) [165]. Forensic entomotoxicology revisited-towards professional standardisation of study designs. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bky044(open access article), Jenkins AJ, Oblock J (2008) Phencyclidine and cannabinoids in vitreous humor. Effect of dimethoate on the developmental rate of forensic importance Calliphoridae flies. MeSH These processing involves sample homogenization (with water or organic solvents) and further extraction using, mainly, LLE followed by SPE, accelerated solvent extraction or headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) [114, 116]. While hydrophilic composition represents the largest portion of this fluid, hydrophobic content may consist of less than 1% of sweat fraction, being mainly derived from sebum and apocrine secretion [77]. After oral administration of THC (14.8mg/day), no daily or weekly patches presented concentrations superior to the limit of detection (0.4ng/patch), suggesting that sweat analysis is not the most sensitive approach to investigate THC exposure [94]. The system has a collector site, which transfers the sample to strips containing drug-specific antibodies by lateral flow. Additionally, the oral fluid volume for testing is limited (about 1mL), and the analytes may be present in very low amounts, requiring very sensitive detection methods. The utilization of insects as an alternative matrix for drug identification is well-reported and suggested without conventional matrices for example urine, blood, or internal organs. J Appl Physiol 103:990994. Forensic Sci Int 165:1029. Alternative biological matrices are biological fluids/tissues that can provide additional information and advantages in comparison to blood and urine testing, in several aspects such as sample collection, detection window and complexity of sample preparation/analysis. VH also has a low number of cells and lacks of blood vessels [153], avoiding potential infections from the blood [155]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2014.11.029, Swortwood MJ, Newmeyer MN, Andersson M, Abulseoud OA, Scheidweiler KB, Huestis MA (2017) Cannabinoid disposition in oral fluid after controlled smoked, vaporized, and oral cannabis administration. In addition, the lack of knowledge in pharmacokinetic of drugs in insects, large variability of experimental set-up and toxicological analysis compromise the utility of this science. To address these SPE limitations we have developed fast methods for comprehensive analysis of oral fluid samples using Dispersive Pipette XTRaction technology. The goal of this paper is to present a critical review on the most recent literature regarding the application of six common alternative matrices, i.e., oral fluid, hair, sweat, meconium, breast milk and vitreous humor in forensic toxicology. The detection of toxic substances in entomological specimens. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.11.001, Poklis JL, Devers KG, Arbefeville EF, Pearson JM, Houston E, Poklis A (2014) Postmortem detection of 25I-NBOMe [2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine] in fluids and tissues determined by high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry from a traumatic death. Epub 2017 May 31. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkw105(open access article), Klima M, Altenburger MJ, Kempf J, Auwrter V, Neukamm MA (2016) Determination of medicinal and illicit drugs in post mortem dental hard tissues and comparison with analytical results for body fluids and hair samples. Others advantages of meconium include: noninvasive and easy sampling (meconium is collected from the diapers); a large amount of sample is available for collection (total amount range 2060g), and a small amount of sample isrequired for analysis (less than 1g) [102, 111]. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkz116, Uemura N, Nath RP, Harkey MR, Henderson GL, Mendelson J, Jones RT (2004) Cocaine levels in sweat collection patches vary by location of patch placement and decline over time. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bky002(open access article), McLaughlin P, Maskell PD, Pounder D, Osselton D (2019) Use of the randox evidence investigator immunoassay system for near-body drug screening during post-mortem examination in 261 forensic cases. Lipophilic and basic molecules are more incorporated than polar analytes [60, 62]. As results, 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THC-COOH) were found in all urine and hair samples [94]. Curr Pharm Des 23:54805486. In regard to NPS, VH has also been implemented in toxicological analysis for a different classes including fentanyl and non-fentanyl opioids [200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207], synthetic cathinones [208,209,210,211,212], designer benzodiazepines [190], 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole [213] and phenethylamines [214,215,216]. In addition, combining clinical data with in silico modeling and simulation approaches (such as physiologically based pharmacokinetic model, chemometrics and others) is an emerging and powerful strategy for predicting drug mechanisms and toxic effects in human body [148]. https://doi.org/10.2174/092986713804910139, Kacinko SL, Barnes AJ, Schwilke EW, Cone EJ, Moolchan ET, Huestis MA (2005) Disposition of cocaine and its metabolites in human sweat after controlled cocaine administration. J Appl Toxicol 33:740745. Volume of collected sample is also dependent on both internal (inter- and intra-variability in sweat production) and external factors (physical exercise, room temperature, etc.) Leg Med 10:201203. J Clin Exp Dent 4:e237e243. https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.46.4.292(open access article), Fernndez P, Rodrguez P, Bermejo AM, Lpez-Rivadulla M, Cruz A (1994) Simultaneous determination of cocaine and benzoylecgonine in vitreous humor by HPLC. Forensic Toxicology Drugs may be screened in meconium using immunoassay techniques (e.g. Forensic entomology is the utilization of insects in lawful issues and gets information about where, when, and the way crime was committed based on their distribution, ecology, biology, and conduct of insects present at the crime scene. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00769-006-0131-y, Badiye A, Kapoor N, Menezes RG (2021) Chain of custody [updated 2021 Feb 21]. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkw048(open access article), McIntyre IM, Trochta A, Gary RD, Malamatos M, Lucas JR (2015) An acute acetyl fentanyl fatality: a case report with postmortem concentrations. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkw127(open access article), Eisenbeiss L, Binz TM, Baumgartner MR, Kraemer T, Steuer AE (2020) Towards best practice in hair metabolomic studies: systematic investigation on the impact of hair length and color. Biol Pharm Bull 35:14011408. Ther Drug Monit 40:166185. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bks007(open access article), Ishikawa AA, Bordin DM, de Campos EG, Blanes L, Doble P, De Martinis BS (2018) A gas chromatographymass spectrometry method for toxicological analysis of MDA, MDEA and MDMA in vitreous humor samples from victims of car accidents. An official website of the United States government. J Anal Toxicol 32:601604. The insects which help in forensics entomological investigation include blowflies, flesh flies, chees skippers, hide and skin beetles, rove beetles and clown beetles. Ther Drug Monit 37:568580. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeiro Preto, So Paulo 14040-901, Brazil, Fabiana Spineti dos Santos,Fernanda Monedeiro&Bruno Spinosa De Martinis, Instituto Master de Ensino Presidente Antnio Carlos - IMEPAC ARAGUARI, Av. With this regard, the recent studies are usually focused in analyze different classes of NPS using small volumes of oral fluid [37,38,39]. in forensic entomotoxicology, immunoassay technique has been primarily used for detection of morphine drug from various substrates and specimen. Finally, caution must be taken with the choice of the oral fluid sampling device, since it may directly influence the analytical result, and it is a very important variable when standardizing a method and when comparing the results of different laboratories [15]. Another application of oral fluid is the on-site (real time) monitoring for doping purposes, as Bessonneau et al. In addition, there is a lack of information regarding the possibility of environmental contamination and reabsorption of substances by skin [81]. Hence, drugs . Entomotoxicology is the assessment of poisons in arthropods that prey on the corpse. Insects helps in investigation of crime scene both open area and water. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3005[ahead of print], Gerace E, Bakanova SP, Di Corcia D, Salomone A, Vincenti M (2021) Determination of cannabinoids in urine, oral fluid and hair samples after repeated intake of CBD-rich cannabis by smoking. J Pharm Biomed Anal 170:6367. 8,17,40,77 using this technique, morphine distribution in various body parts of insect (haemolymph, cuticle, and integument of larvae) was demonstrated.39 parry et al., 58, by utilizing hplc technique Doses at low and high concentrations implied in average concentrations of 63 and 307ng/patch for methamphetamine, and 15 and 53.8ng/patch for amphetamine [90]. Gas chromatography coupled to tandem ion trap mass spectrometry (GCMS/MS) has also been applied in the analysis of cocaine in sheeps VH [183]. Prior application, the skin is usually cleaned with a swab soaked in 70% isopropanol, to remove previously existing substances from external environment [85]. An official website of the United States government. de Campos, E.G., da Costa, B.R.B., dos Santos, F.S. Forensic entomotoxicology studies the usefulness of insects as alternative toxicological samples. The accurate mechanisms involved in the incorporation of drugs into hair are still unclear. Insects to determine the PMI and Time since Death of a decomposing Human Body. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13181-017-0632-6, Petrides AK, Melanson SEF, Kantartjis M, Le RD, Demetriou CA, Flood JG (2018) Monitoring opioid and benzodiazepine use and abuse: is oral fluid or urine the preferred specimen type? https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00301, Tzatzarakis MN, Alegakis AK, Kavvalakis MP, Vakonaki E, Stivaktakis PD, Kanaki K, Vardavas AI, Barbounis EG, Tsatsakis AM (2016) Comparative evaluation of drug deposition in hair samples collected from different anatomical body sites. Clin Chem 54:172180. Forensic Sci Int 277:e30e35. Himes et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkv043 (open access article), Margasiska-Olejak J, Celiski R, Fischer A, Stojko J (2019) A fatal case of poisoning of a 19-year-old after taking 3-MMC. Accurate and sensitive methods are necessary to detect very low drug concentrations and the cost of analysis is higher than that of other biological samples. Decomposition; Drugs; Entomotoxicology; Forensic science; Postmortem interval. CAS J Forensic Sci 65:17841790. On the other hand, this method allows prompt collection of sweat and standard sample volumes can be used for the following analysis [77]. In forensic entomology, entomotoxicology is the analysis of toxins in arthropods (mainly flies and beetles) that feed on carrion.Using arthropods in a corpse or at a crime scene, investigators can determine whether toxins were present in a body at the time of death. Curr Pharm Des 25:534548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2019.02.039, Bosker WM, Huestis MA (2009) Oral fluid testing for drugs of abuse. Am Rev Respir Dis 131:S29S32. Careers. More recently, Behpour et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2018.02.034, Sorribes-Soriano A, Valencia A, Esteve-Turrillas FA, Armenta S, Herrero-Martnez JM (2019) Development of pipette tip-based poly(methacrylic acid-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) monolith for the extraction of drugs of abuse from oral fluid samples. It is critical to keep in. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.02.016, Griswold MK, Chai PR, Krotulski AJ, Friscia M, Chapman BP, Varma N, Boyer EW, Logan BK, Babu KM (2017) A novel oral fluid assay (LC-QTOF-MS) for the detection of fentanyl and clandestine opioids in oral fluid after reported heroin overdose. Neurotoxicol Teratol 12:161168. Some of the disadvantages include the rather low concentration of analytes, demanding the use of more sensitive analytical techniques to enable proper determination of targets in this matrix. The .gov means its official. It is believed that the volume of sweat perspired daily by the whole body of an individual can amount to between 300 and 700mL, under normal environmental conditions [74,75,76]. Easy-to-use. Biomed Chromatogr 22:795821. Use of insects as alternative matrix for drug detection is well documented and recommended when conventional matrices such as blood, urine or internal organs are no longer available. Entomotoxicology: Alternative Matrices for Forensic Toxicology 2016. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted https://doi.org/10.3233/CBM-170004, Albermann ME, Madea B, Musshoff F (2014) A SPME-GC/MS procedure for the determination of fatty acid ethyl esters in hair for confirmation of abstinence test results. Forensic Sci Int Synerg. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the The products used for bleaching, perming, dyeing or relaxation contain strong bases, which may affect the stability or the amount of drug present in the hair matrix. The adhesive polyurethane layer protects the patch from external contaminations, while allows gas exchanges (CO2, O2, water vapor) with the environment to occur, preventing the skin from being harmed. Human breast milk (HBM) is a complex fluid with high lipoprotein content, and is considered as the best nutrient for newborns aging from 6months to 2 years old and also works as a complement to solid food [125,126,127]. The volume available for sampling is limited and the blood-retinal barrier may restricts the incorporation of drugs into VH [156, 159]. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/28.4.253(open access article), Huestis MA, Oyler JM, Cone EJ, Wstadik AT, Schoendorfer D, Joseph RE Jr (1999) Sweat testing for cocaine, codeine and metabolites by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. https://doi.org/10.4322/sc.2015.022(in Portuguese) (open access article), da Costa BRB, De Martinis BS (2020) Analysis of urinary VOCs using mass spectrometric methods to diagnose cancer: a review. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2017.07.010, Herrera-Gmez F, Garca-Mingo M, Cols M, Gonzlez-Luque JC, lvarez FJ (2018) Opioids in oral fluid of Spanish drivers. PubMed Drug Test Anal 9:15721585. J Anal Toxicol 23:168172. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island. 2020, Academic Journal of Forensic Sciences. A review on amphetamines and methylenedioxy derivatives showed that limits of quantitation for these analytes ranged from 1.4 to 5ng/patch. Generally, dark pigmented hair tends to bind to greater amounts of drug than less pigmented hair, because the analytes are believed to bind more efficiently to the melanin found in colored hair [61]. J Chromatogr B 1020:1423. For all the advantages over conventional matrices cited previously, the oral fluid is currently the most suitable alternative matrix for the assessment of recent exposure of psychoactive drugs [12]. The selection of specimens in toxicological analyses is a critical step. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.10.034, Aps JKM, Martens LC (2005) Review: the physiology of saliva and transfer of drugs into saliva. Forensic Sci Int 174:173177. Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Forensic Toxicol 37:496503. Clin Chim Acta 481:7582. Keywords: In these same two cases, THC-COOH was detected in blood, urine and VH in one case whereas in the other case THC-COOH was detected in blood and urine only [197]. Clin Chem 46:19681977. In particular, photodegradation of drugs through the formation of free radicals or photosensitization reactions by intermolecular energy transfer can occur when the hair is exposed to sunlight or artificial light for many hours per day [65]. Anal Bioanal Chem 396:24692477. Forensic Entomotoxicology examines the assessment of insects as toxicological samples since they are being used for the poisonous content in them. However, delayed passage of meconium may occur in preterm infants and may cause intestinal obstruction [99, 100]. However, theses matrices have also limitations such as limited incorporation of drugs (according to physicalchemical properties), impossibility to correlate the concentrations for effects, low levels of xenobiotics and ultimately the need for more sensitive analysis. The lack of studies shows the importance of public policies to inform population about the consequences of infants exposed to drugs of abuse through breast milk. Forensic Sci Int 156:102105. J Hum Lact 32:542545. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028824(open access article), Meyer F, Laitano O, Bar-Or O, McDougall D, Heigenhauser GJF (2007) Effect of age and gender on sweat lactate and ammonia concentrations during exercise in the heat. Forensic Science International 120 (2001) 4247. Would you like email updates of new search results? J Chromatogr B 945946:8491. In human performance toxicology, a dose-response relationship between a drug(s) present in the body and the effects on the body are examined. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.06.024, Wille SMR, Raes E, Lillsunde P, Gunnar T, Laloup M, Samyn N, Christophersen AS, Moeller MR, Hammer KP, Verstraete AG (2009) Relationship between oral fluid and blood concentrations of drugs of abuse in drivers suspected of driving under the influence of drugs. Among drug users, heroin and 6-MAM were found in concentrations up to 400 and 441.1ng/patch, respectively [96]. In addition, some of the recent studies based on the application of these matrices in the analysis of classic drugs and novel psychoactive substances (NPS) will be reviewed. Other parameters that can change the concentration of drugs in the hair are the difference of hair growth rate among various anatomic body sites, such as head, pubic, axillary, face and chest hair [63], the washing procedure used before hair analysis and the use of cosmetic and heat hair treatments. https://doi.org/10.4155/bio.14.278, Ottaviani G, Cameriere R, Cippitelli M, Froldi R, Tassoni G, Zampi M, Cingolani M (2017) Determination of drugs of abuse in a single sample of human teeth by a gas chromatographymass spectrometry method. CAS Over the lifetime, 29 publication(s) have been published within this topic receiving 976 citation(s). https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2005.054338(open access article), Tavares L, Monedeiro F, Bordin DM, De Martinis BS (2020) Investigation of ayahuasca -carboline alkaloids and tryptamine in sweat samples from religious community participants by GC-MS. J Anal Toxicol 44:601609. do Caf s/n, Monte Alegre, Ribeiro Preto, So Paulo 14040-903, Brazil, Eduardo Geraldo de Campos,Bruno Ruiz Brando da Costa&Wilson Jos Ramos Santos Junior, Faculdade de Filosofia, Cincias e Letras de Ribeiro Preto, Universidade de So Paulo, Av. 8600 Rockville Pike https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2020.1770217[ahead of print], Gareri J, Klein J, Koren G (2006) Drugs of abuse testing in meconium. Easy to automate. Clin Chem 55:19101931. The .gov means its official. J Anal Toxicol 38:3945. The main advantage of meconium as biological matrix is its wide detection window of in utero drug use. 2020 Sep 28;2:282-286. doi: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.09.003. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1355-5, Johnson-Restrepo B, Addink R, Wong C, Arcaro K, Kannan K (2007) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochlorine pesticides in human breast milk from Massachusetts, USA. Peak concentrations were detected 4.524h after drug intake [82]. This technique is a major advance in forensics; previously, such determinations were impossible in the case of severely . 2017 Sep;131(5):1299-1306. doi: 10.1007/s00414-017-1628-0. PubMed Central https://doi.org/10.2174/157341208786306225, Liberty HJ, Johnson B, Fortner N, Randolph D (2003) Detecting crack and other cocaine use with fastpatches. J Anal Toxicol 45:348355. In general, the frequent and chronic exposure to drugs, especially during third trimester of pregnancy, are required to produce positive results for drug(s) in meconium [108]. Int J Legal Med. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.14132, Al-Zahrani MA, Al-Asmari AI, Al-Zahrani FF, Torrance HJ, Watson DG (2021) Quantification of cannabinoids in human hair using a modified derivatization procedure and liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry. Br Med Bull 34:7578. Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site. Curr Pharm Anal 4:274278. Forensic entomotoxicology is the use of insects as evidence of whether a toxicant is present in an environment such as a corpse, river or landscape. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-010-0525-6, Concheiro-Guisan A, Concheiro M (2014) Bioanalysis during pregnancy: recent advances and novel sampling strategies.
Field Of Play Crossword Clue, Hand Hygiene Slideshare, Panathinaikos Vs Lamia Last Match, Africa Outlet Adapter, Spanish Numbers Lesson, Radgrid Paging Not Working, To Be Disgraced Or Dishonored 6 Letters, Skyrim Spell Research Compatibility, Metaphor For Broken Trust,