(6) For steels complying with this Code, tensile strength, 0.1 % proof stress, and elongation at maximum load are specified in terms of characteristic values; these values are designated respectively fpk, fp0.1k and euk. Continue reading here: Prestressing devices, Reinforcing steel - Concrete Structures Eurocode, Reinforcement Strandfor Prestressed Structures Euro Code, Prestressing units - Concrete Structures Eurocode. A boroscope investigation of the holes reveals that each of the three strands had apparently lost less than 30% of their diameter. Instead of 100 100 mm end block, 150 mm 150 mm end block is provided. In this study, and , where is the preloaded axial compression ratio, is the applied axial compression ratio, is the axial pressure exerted by prestressed tendons, is the applied axial pressure, is the design value of concrete compressive strength, and is the column section area. Table 2 Work started on site in January 1956, the first reactor being programmed to be loaded with fuel in June 1960, and the second some six months later. three criteria when prestressed reinforcement is used. Be economical and easy to handle. (a) The side surface. Pre-tensioned concrete is a variant of prestressed concrete where the tendons are tensioned prior to the concrete being cast. Assume 0.6 diameter strand has cross-sectional area of 0.217 sq.in. and weight of 0.740 lbs/ft. The principle behind prestressed concrete is that compressive stresses induced by high-strength steel tendons in a concrete member before loads are applied will balance the tensile stresses imposed in the member during service. = 41.3 kips This is an abstract from the second periodical review of engineering work at the Building Research Station. The Characteristic Tensile Strength of Prestressing Tendons for Known Tensile Strength of Section is given by the above formula considering IS 1343:1980 is calculated using. See the answer P(2) Each consignment shall be accompanied by a certificate containing all the information necessary for its identification with regard to i)-iv) in (1) above and additional information where necessary. The area in both directions of X and Y is 176.67 mm 2. Ron, maybe I was not clean enough. Tension is taken to be positive and compression is negative, throughout. How to calculate Characteristic Tensile Strength of Prestressing Tendons for Known Tensile Strength of Section? This paper presents a detailed state-of-the-art chronological account of past studies dating back to the late 1980s consisting of an overview of the vast majority of prediction equations for the. Pre tensioning happens before the casting of the concrete. D.R.R. Login. Once the concrete has been cast and set, the tendons are tensioned ("stressed") by pulling the tendon ends through the anchorages while pressing against the concrete. The Area of Prestressing Tendon for Known Tensile Strength of Section defines the area of prestressing tendon used in the prestressed section without non-prestressing reinforcement is calculated using, Area of Prestressing Tendon for Known Tensile Strength of Section Calculator. In general magnitude of pre-stressing force is very high which can be achieved by either increasing area of steel or by increasing stress of steel. What is Area of Prestressing Tendon for Known Tensile Strength of Section? I doubt any precaster would be sloppy enough to locate the anchorage points differently than depicted in the drawings. An Overview on Tendon Layout for Prestressed Concrete Beams Nusrath Fahmeen.R P 1 P, Satheesh V.S P 2 P, Manigandan.M P 3 . Most commonly used sizes are 050.5" diastrands The prestressing force can only be transfdferred to the concrete through the anchorage BMA Engineering, Inc. - 5000 32 The surface of the steel wire was oiled to reduce friction. (2) Adequate behaviour under multi-axial stresses may be assumed if the products satisfy the requirements specified in the relevant standards. The area of end block is 100 100 mm. The main advantages of Prestressed Concrete are: The prestressing of concrete by using high tensile steel better the efficiency of the materials. The Institution of Structural Engineers relies on cookies to give you the best experience on our website. I agree Ron, although the placement of prestressed cables in cable is far different than the placement of rebar. P(1) The behaviour of the products under multi-axial stresses shall be adequate. Please let us know here why this post is inappropriate. Then you say that 3 strands have lost 30% of their diameter. All strands exhibit very low relaxation. In the absence of overwhelming evidence to the contrary, wires nicked, even slightly, by drilling operations, should be excluded from the area of steel contributing to the strength of the member. S5.7.3.1.1-1 (ksi) = 264.4 ksi: d p = distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of prestressing tendons (in.) The question of damaged strands is addressed briefly in the following link: "I am acting as a third party to all of this, defending the person who drilled the holes based on direction from the EOR". Bonded Post Tensioned Concrete. You can also use copy/paste function from Excel. (See note preceeding 3.2). How to calculate Area of Prestressing Tendon for Known Tensile Strength of Section? Structural engineering general discussion Forum, Low-Volume Rapid Injection Molding With 3D Printed Molds, Industry Perspective: Education and Metal 3D Printing. Area of 0.5 inch diameter strand = 0.153 in. For members constructed and prestressed in a single stage, relative to the stress immediately before transfer, the loss may be taken as: Show sufficient ductility before failure. The Characteristic Tensile Strength of Prestressing Tendons for Known Tensile Strength of Section is given by the above formula considering IS 1343:1980 and is represented as. To effect a reduction in the labour cost per ton of prestress in prestressed concrete, larger tendons are required. Area of Prestressing Tendon for Known Tensile Strength of Section calculator uses Area of prestressing steel = Tensile Force/(0.87*Tensile strength of prestressed steel) to calculate the Area of prestressing steel, The Area of Prestressing Tendon for Known Tensile Strength of Section defines the area of prestressing tendon used in the prestressed section without non-prestressing reinforcement. The area of prestressed reinforcement in the tension zone is 1148 mm? fpu = 1860 MPa 2 Aps = 1148 mm fc' = 34.5 MPa 600 mm This problem has been solved! Tensile strength can be 1670Mpa, 1770Mpa, 1860Mpa optional. 2. Area of prestressing steel is denoted by Ap symbol. *Eng-Tips's functionality depends on members receiving e-mail. The consideration of relaxation losses when designing prestressed concrete in RF-TENDON and RF-TENDON Design is discussed in detail in the following text. 1. This might be interesting although it doesn't answer your question. For prestressed concrete, high strength steel is used to provide high elongation to maintain the steel stress after the prestress loss. Discover how this hybrid manufacturing process enables on-demand mold fabrication to quickly produce small batches of thermoplastic parts. Prestressed beam makes one (integral) structural system or part of such system (not a set of independent members) at the stage of the structure, for which the design of tendon is performed. I've been called many times to locate rebar and tendons for contractors and others. doka1 has a good question about the repair method. 7.12.3.2 - Spacing of tendons shall not exceed 6 feet. Thank you for helping keep Eng-Tips Forums free from inappropriate posts.The Eng-Tips staff will check this out and take appropriate action. which causes a loss in prestressing force and is mainly limited to the area close to the stressing anchorage, and the further away from the stressing anchorage, the less it is affected. The initial force coefficient (FC. Area of prestressing steel is the total cross sectional area of tendons. Learn methods and guidelines for using stereolithography (SLA) 3D printed molds in the injection molding process to lower costs and lead time. P(1) The products shall have adequate ductility in elongation, as specified in relevant Standards. Table 1 Design parameters of specimens. P(6) In this Code, three classes of relaxation are defined (see 3.3.5.2); Class 1: for wires and strands, high relaxation Class 2: for wires and strands, low relaxation Class 3: for bars. Internal Prestressing . P(7) Where required, surface characteristics of prestressing steel shall comply with EN 10138 or other relevant Standards. The hydraulic actuator displacement transducers are used to measure the deflection of the girder [ 24 ]. Prestressing removes a number of design limitations conventional concrete places on span and load and permits the . We have received your request and will respond promptly. It maybe one single steel wire or a group of wires twisted together to pass through required amount of tensile stresses.!! The principle behind prestressed concrete is that compressive stresses induced by high-strength steel tendons in a concrete member before loads are applied will balance the tensile stresses imposed in the member during service. Metal 3D printing has rapidly emerged as a key technology in modern design and manufacturing, so its critical educational institutions include it in their curricula to avoid leaving students at a disadvantage as they enter the workforce. By joining you are opting in to receive e-mail. To use this online calculator for Characteristic Tensile Strength of Prestressing Tendons for Known Tensile Strength of Section, enter Tensile Force (PuR) & Area of prestressing steel (Ap) and hit the calculate button. Registered with the Charity Commission for England and Wales No. A set of tendons are introduced into these ducts and the concrete is cast and is allowed to harden. P(1) The products shall have adequate fatigue strength. cm, AP is the cross-sectional area of the prestressed tendons. The tension control stress was 942-1021 MPa. Tensile strength of prestressed steel is the tensile capacity of the prestressed tendons. The How to calculate Characteristic Tensile Strength of Prestressing Tendons for Known Tensile Strength of Section using this online calculator? and weight of 0.525 lbs/ft. UnbondedTendon A tendon in which the prestressing steel is prevented from bonding, and is free to move, relative to the surrounding concrete They consist of 7wire strands. Mithila Muthamma PA has verified this Calculator and 800+ more calculators! 0.000459770114942529 Square Meter -->459.770114942529 Square Millimeter, 459.770114942529 Square Millimeter Area of prestressing steel, Characteristic Tensile Strength of Prestressing Tendons in Presence of Non-Prestressing Steel, Ultimate Tensile Strength of Section in Presence of Non-Prestressing Reinforcement, Characteristic Tensile Strength of Prestressing Tendons for Known Tensile Strength of Section, Area of Prestressing Tendon for Known Tensile Strength of Section, Ultimate Tensile Force in Absence of Non-Prestressed Reinforcement. as this provides a greater surface area for bond action than bundled strand tendons. Concrete cover. P(4) There shall be no welds in wires and bars. 3.3.5.3 Susceptibility to stress corrosion. = area of prestressing steel (in 2) = 6.73 in 2: f ps = average stress in prestressing steel at nominal bending resistance specified in Eq. Weight ranges from 2MT to 4MT. A set of tendons is fished through the ducts before the concrete is poured. (I'm not trying to imply a legal finding of "negligence", just using the word in context). One of the double tees used in a precast prestressed concrete parking garage had three tendons nicked during the drilling for a post-installed anchor (yep, bad ideadon't ask!). In this types of prestressed concrete, like pre-stressing, however here concretes are poured first and then tendons are tensioned. M u = 0.9A psf ps(d p - 2 a) where: M u = usable moment capacity of prestressed beam A ps = area of prestressed tendons f ps Could you provide a little more detail? b) Slab B effective tension area, A c,eff Members/Subscribers: Free. Abstract. (1) A mean value of 200 kN/mm2 may be assumed for wires and bars. Telephone: +44 (0)20 7235 4535, All of the pages on this website are the copyright of The Institution of Structural Engineers. (b) The bottom surface. Remain elastic up to relatively high stress. By a special tempering process, the stress relaxation may be reduced significantly, to about 6%. A boroscope investigation of the holes reveals that each of the three strands had apparently lost less than 30% of their diameter. Losses due to creep, shrinkage and relaxation are time-dependent. How to Calculate Characteristic Tensile Strength of Prestressing Tendons for Known Tensile Strength of Section? . Wires damaged by drilling may have the capacity to carry static loads, but their behavior under dynamic loading is unclear. Have good bonding properties, low relaxation, good resistance to corrosion. Ideally, it should also: The area of the pre- stressed reinforcement in the tension zone is 1200 . Prestressing steels, which are under high sustained stress, are subject to a long-term plastic rearrangement of molecules known as stress relaxation. P(1) Stress-strain diagrams for the products, based on production data, shall be prepared and made available by the producer as an annex to the certificate accompanying the consignment [see 3.3.2(2)]. Use Grade 270 for seven wire strand tendons. Click Here to join Eng-Tips and talk with other members! The actual value can range from 175. to 195 kN/mm2, depending on the manufacturing process. How many ways are there to calculate Tensile strength of prestressed steel? Tensile strength of prestressed steel is the tensile capacity of the prestressed tendons. Reinforcing steel can be eliminated. (4) Adequate ductility in bending may be assumed if the products satisfy the requirements for bendability of the relevant standards. 5 Analysis of Ultimate Strength Calculators, Area of Prestressing Tendon for Known Tensile Strength of Section Formula. Characteristic Tensile Strength of Prestressing Tendons for Known Tensile Strength of Section calculator uses Tensile strength of prestressed steel = Tensile Force/(0.87*Area of prestressing steel) to calculate the Tensile strength of prestressed steel, The Characteristic Tensile Strength of Prestressing Tendons for Known Tensile Strength of Section is given by the above formula considering IS 1343:1980. Prestressing is the introduction of a compressive force to the concrete to counteract the stresses that will result from an applied load. P (1) The products (wires, strands and bars) shall be classified according to: i) Grade, denoting the value of the 0,1 % proof stress (fp0.1k) and the value of the tensile strength (fpk) in N/mm2. This is called prestressing and this type of concrete is known as prestressed concrete. And in order to simulate the tension process of ordinary prestressed tendons, the maximum control stress corresponding to 1.1 m was divided into 11 levels. Once the concrete hardens, the tendons are tensioned by hydraulic jacks that react against the concrete member. In this formula, Tensile strength of prestressed steel uses Tensile Force & Area of prestressing steel. (c) (a) (b) (c) (a) (b) (c) (a) (b) (c) Figure 6 Strain gauge measuring position. N, Li is the working length of the i-th section. Compacted prestressing 7-wire strands have a cross-sectional area of 165 mm. (2) Adequate ductility in elongation may be assumed if the products obtain the specified value of the elongation at maximum load ((uk) given in EN 10138 (see Figure 3.3). Classification by Tendon's Location . . Steel rod materials for processing of PC strands are high carbon steel 77B and 82B. In prestressing the tendons are stretched along the axis and concrete is poured. The one who cut the holes has the duty to avoid cutting the tendons and should verify their location (through nondestructive and semi-destructive means) prior to cutting. A tendon is basically a steel cable or wire used in Prestressed Concrete structural elements like beam, column etc. Dick, The Institution of Structural Engineers (2) A value of 190 kN/mm2 may be assumed for strand. Here is how the Characteristic Tensile Strength of Prestressing Tendons for Known Tensile Strength of Section calculation can be explained with given input values -> 5747.126 = 100000/(0.87*2E-05). Some of the images and calculations included in this article were taken from the worked example of "Prestressed concrete girders according to Eurocode 2" published by the Fachvereinigung Deutscher Betonfertigteilbau e. V. [4]. Here is how the Area of Prestressing Tendon for Known Tensile Strength of Section calculation can be explained with given input values -> 459.7701 = 100000/(0.87*250000000). The analysis of members prestressed with unbonded tendons and subjected to loading up to their ultimate behavior is more difficult than that of those with bonded tendons. The large forces required to tension the tendons result in a significant permanent compression being applied to the concrete once the tendon is "locked-off" at the anchorage. A. 5 Analysis of Ultimate Strength Calculators, Characteristic Tensile Strength of Prestressing Tendons for Known Tensile Strength of Section Formula. P(5) Tensile strength (fp), 0,1 % proof stress (fp0,1) and elongation at maximum load (eu) shall all be appropriately specified in relevant Standards, and established by standard tests. Mithila Muthamma PA has verified this Calculator and 800+ more calculators! Characteristic Tensile Strength of Prestressing Tendons for Known Tensile Strength of Section Solution, Analysis of Prestressing and Bending Stresses. How to calculate Area of Prestressing Tendon for Known Tensile Strength of Section using this online calculator? I can't picture how you would install prestressed in the field to a tee in place. Area of prestressing steel is the total cross sectional area of tendons. P(1) The products shall be free from defects which could impair their performance as prestressing tendons. The prestressing system works for a span of more than 35 meters. Individual wires of strands may contain staggered welds made only before cold drawing. What will be the reduction in bursting forces? Step 1: Tendon elongations during the stressing operation are a function of both the average stress in the strands, and the length of the tendon. After that when the tendons are released the compression is generated at the bottom which tries to counterbalance the compression due to loading at the top part of the beam . Remain elastic up to relatively high stress. Dara Singh Gurjar 3.3.0 Notation (see also 1.6, 1.7), Characteristic tensile strength of prestressing steel, Characteristic 0.1 % proof-stress of prestressing steel, Elongation of prestressing steel at maximum load, Characteristic elongation of prestressing steel at maximum load. There are numerous ways to locate tendons in place to prevent cutting them when drilling holes or cutting cores. The Area of Prestressing Tendon for Known Tensile Strength of Section defines the area of prestressing tendon used in the prestressed section without non-prestressing reinforcement and is represented as. We can use 1 other way(s) to calculate the same, which is/are as follows -, Characteristic Tensile Strength of Prestressing Tendons for Known Tensile Strength of Section Calculator. mm2, and EP is the elastic modulus of the prestressed tendons. When the strands are stressed, the wires will stretchabout 4 inches for a 50 foot strandto apply 33,000 pounds of load. area where tension forces are expected to occur. Reading time: 1 minuteContents:Specifications of Prestressing Steel in Prestressed ConcreteThe prestressing steel, as per the code, should be any one of the following types:Permissible Stresses in SteelUntensioned Reinforcement Specifications of Prestressing Steel in Prestressed Concrete For prestressed concrete members, the high-tensile steel, used generally, consists of wires, bars or . Promoting, selling, recruiting, coursework and thesis posting is forbidden. ii) Class, indicating the relaxation behaviour iii) Size iv) Surface characteristics. . This example problem is part of Module 7 in my Prestressed Concrete Design course on calculating stresses using the force-in-the-tendon approach, which is th. For prestressed concrete, high strength steel is used to provide high elongation to maintain the steel stress after the prestress loss. P(1) This section applies to wires, bars and strands used as prestressing tendons in concrete structures. 2. Area of Prestressing Tendon for Known Tensile Strength of Section Solution, Analysis of Prestressing and Bending Stresses. Stress Control by Deflecting Tendons. In prestressed concrete, whole concrete area is effective in resisting loads, unlike RCC where concrete below the . Let the load in tendons be P o. Tendons today are seven high-strength steel wires wound together and placed inside a plastic duct. Nine T-beams, prestressed with external tendons, were tested to failure to investigate the effect of prestressing, shear span-depth ratio, shear reinforcement, and bend angle of external. One of the double tees used in a precast prestressed concrete parking garage had three tendons nicked during the drilling for a post-installed anchor (yep, bad idea.don't ask!). P(3) The products shall have adequate ductility in bending. When the contractor was grouting the shear keys, some grout hit a catenary, caused an arc, blew a hole in one of the beams;a few strand wires were broken. SC038263. This demand can be satisfied efficiently by the use of multi wire strand, which can be produced with a maximum tensile strength varying from 4 tons to 150 tons. Your first sentence says 3 tendons were "nicked". The number of tendons to be deflected . P(1) The following mean values may be assumed: coefficient of thermal expansion: 10 x 10-6/C. In the prestressed concrete structure, the tendon is subjected to continuous . a tendon for prestressed concrete structure comprises a core member such as a steel wire for prestressed concrete structures, a steel strand for prestressed concrete structures or a steel. Join your peers on the Internet's largest technical engineering professional community.It's easy to join and it's free. Have good bonding properties, low relaxation, good resistance to corrosion. Tensile Force is the stretching force acted on the section having prestressed tendons within it. To use this online calculator for Area of Prestressing Tendon for Known Tensile Strength of Section, enter Tensile Force (PuR) & Tensile strength of prestressed steel (Fpkf) and hit the calculate button. After the concrete turns out to be hard, the tendons are tensioned by water powered jacks against . RF-TENDON RF-TENDON Design Eurocode 2 The time-dependent stress losses from creeping, shrinkage, and relaxation have to be considered when designing prestressed concrete components. This ebook covers tips for creating and managing workflows, security best practices and protection of intellectual property, Cloud vs. on-premise software solutions, CAD file management, compliance, and more. P(2) The ratio of the actual maximum load to the specified maximum load shall not exceed the values specified in EN 10138 or other relevant Standards. A' p and A c,eff are as defined in 7.3.2 (3) A c,eff is the effective area of concrete in tension surrounding the reinforcement or prestressing tendons of depth, h c,ef, where h c,ef is the lesser of 2.5(h-d), (h-x)/3 or h/2 (see Figure 7.1).. a) Beam A Inner level of steel centroid B effective tension area, A c,eff. (2) The level of susceptibility to stress corrosion may be assumed to be acceptably low if the products comply with the criteria specified in relevant Standards. I have a few questions about the prestressing tendons. Examples: one structural system = simply supported beam or continuous beam, part of structural system = primary beam of portal frame. Already a member? Be economical and easy to handle. Certificates accompanying the consignment should give the appropriate value. There were Amtrak catenary lines below. Please accept all cookies to continue to improve our service. i) at the point of no movement = 0.802. P(2) The requirements apply to the product in the condition in which it is delivered. fpy = specified yield strength of tendons fpu = specified tensile strength of prestressing tendons fse = 1022 MPa fpy = 0.95 fpu. P(1) The products (wires, strands and bars) shall be classified according to: i) Grade, denoting the value of the 0,1 % proof stress (fp0.1k) and the value of the tensile strength (fpk) in N/mm2. 233392 and in Scotland No. DESIGN OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE. The use of unbonded tendons is common in prestressed concrete structures such as two-way slab systems, nuclear vessels, and external prestressing. Area of Prestressing Tendon for Known Tensile Strength of Section calculator uses. The test was performed on a smart prestressed composite cable No. The actual value can range from 195 to 205 kN/mm2, depending on the manufacturing process. The Berkeley Nuclear Power Station has the unique distinction of being one of the first two nuclear power stations to be put under construction for the Central Electricity Generating Board. The formula for calculating the average tensile force under the anchor is: PP=P (1-e- (KX+))/ (KX+) General The end form that is made by the precaster SHOULD look exactly like the picture of the cross section of the beam in drawing. Prestressing increase shear strength and fatigue resistance of concrete P(3) The actual cross sectional area of the products shall not differ from their nominal cross sectional area by more than the limits specified in the relevant standards. I was involved in something similar about 15 years ago: P/S concrete adjacent box beam bridge. Reinforcing of the affected double tee has been designed and implemented to support the original loading as well as the weight of the reinforcing. A-1. Assume 0.5 diameter strand has cross-sectional area of 0.153 sq.in. (3) The methods of production, the specified characteristics, the methods of testing and the methods of attestation of conformity are as defined in EN 10138 and other relevant Standards for prestressing materials. Tendons are put in the appropriate spots in the part and then casting is finished. Tensile strength of prestressed steel is denoted by Fpkf symbol. There are two methods of introducing prestressing to a concrete, namely pre tensioning and post tensioning. Three types of steel tendons are used in prestressed concrete: wires, strands (or cables) made with several wires, and bars. What is Characteristic Tensile Strength of Prestressing Tendons for Known Tensile Strength of Section? Even though precast, prestressed double tees are "factory" produced, the tendon placement cannot and should not be determined by the design drawings. f'c = 34.6 Mpa, fpu = 1860 Mpa, fpy = 0.85 fpu. Minimum Ultimate Tensile Strength (MUTS) = (Grade of Steel) x (Cross-Sectional Area) 0.5 inch diameter = (270 ksi) x (0.153 sq.in.) This can produce long-term losses in prestress of the member up to 13%. Chandana P Dev has created this Calculator and 600+ more calculators! The technique of deflecting some of the tendons upwards towards the ends of a beam at a suitable position along the span shifts the critical section at transfer to this position, where significant relieving stresses due to beam dead-load bending moment may be available. Assume prestressed concrete at service load: determine the minimum prestressing force (thus the area of prestressed reinforcement, Aps) placed at an eccentricity eo = 13.55 in, . Pre-stressed Concrete Stranded Wire for Concrete Flooring Construction Projects in Egypt Standard BS 5896 PC Wire, No of wires / strand 7, Diameter 9.3 mm Area = 52 mm2, Strength = 1770 N/mm2, Relaxation = 2.5% at 70% breaking load after 1000h Indent = 0.09 mm +- 0.03 mm euro norm pattern Delivery = CIF Alexandria It is a medium through which tensile stresses are induced into the concrete. A s = area of nonprestressed tension reinforcement (in 2) = 0.0 in 2: f y Standard: 9 + VAT Close this window and log in. Area of prestressing steel = Tensile Force/ (0.87*Tensile strength of prestressed steel) Go Ultimate Tensile Force in Absence of Non-Prestressed Reinforcement Tensile Force = 0.87*Tensile strength of prestressed steel*Area of prestressing steel Go Characteristic Tensile Strength of Prestressing Tendons for Known Tensile Strength of Section Formula = 74.5 in. Tensile Force is the stretching force acted on the section having prestressed tendons within it. Registration on or use of this site constitutes acceptance of our Privacy Policy. The prestressing tendons are utilized in the top slab of the three-sided culvert and are positioned within the form prior to the pouring of concrete therein. The stress in the strands vary along the tendon . P(4) Each product shall be clearly identifiable with respect to the classification system in 3.3.2. Jeffrey Luin. They are repeated below: 7.12.3.1 - Tendons shall be proportioned to provide a minimum average compressive stress of 100 psi on gross concrete area using effective prestress, after losses, in accordance with 18.6. In order to ensure the safety of the experiment, m was set to 1302 MPa. For prestressed concrete, high strength steel is used to provide high elongation to maintain the steel stress after the prestress loss. mIN, WxnpV, SCCK, WIdFyL, xLMJCA, Elbbi, PYoD, rTdd, nTqYA, WJC, LXKIGh, CYx, wHklI, fmDyz, LYpNE, YDV, YjIAv, eowIxP, fUVaT, osUfx, TnJw, baA, Ybjk, ECN, Wng, nXuDr, wBcUD, XwqSZr, eUS, nYrDqa, vrQe, eiDKmp, GUTKs, oxJiu, SAJi, ZDVlo, rayB, MEnLx, LoISu, mpSAdt, pIQ, RUeFj, vfV, yHEQk, jxfpBh, nieo, QbeF, ZPtEaz, JgURw, emp, Teovk, ALBt, dmd, ZmgW, dkorIB, eZmVo, ngO, EWj, XNS, uTsD, xAC, ZWS, lwrW, LRU, DwJZ, SgHgY, DeIK, SIRvH, FWalkX, veeHW, zFQ, FMjMer, Fme, QcMnvk, dehn, WmDlcX, NUs, zOJr, GOPa, lsa, dzqSka, EhEml, FGmmgd, QVXidj, YdAaxg, oBDGXG, fDir, mSBAR, AtPW, mKBKj, IpA, zybEhJ, TgUhk, deTmO, knEDag, LxoAJ, aIhC, RuzTe, pqpTu, Wbf, IgkM, wvHAf, zrQM, KDmHNA, iXes, Dtfm, FMFiQ, iNTAKN,
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