Chambers One, 27 Willie van Mzima springs. There are a number of natural lakes in Cameroon. Quantifying predator diets is an essential step to understand not only predator ecology, but also the influence that predators have on their prey populations [1], [2]. 2006. Pressure around the source remained constant until WWF rehabilitated stand taps in Mambele and five other communities in 2017, providing the population greater access to water. Windhoek More information on average rainfall and temperature for each of the climate zones in Cameroon can be seen at the Cameroon climate page. These basins generally form low to moderately productive aquifers, capable of borehole yields of up to 5 m/hour. The source of the river is in the mountainous highlands of East African rift before it eventually drains into the Atlantic Ocean. Some seasonal patterns were suggested for secondary prey, however. Trees, grasses and bushes were heavy with raindrops and the bushveld was resonant with the noise of water dripping, flowing and surging. Boxes show medians, 25% and 75% quartiles. The basin is shared by Chad, Niger, the Central African Republic, Nigeria, Cameroon, Algeria, Sudan and Libya. We assessed seasonal prey preference using Jacobs selection index [35]: Where r is the proportion of the total number of kills or faecal samples of a particular species and p is the proportional availability of the prey species killed. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, The largest is Lake Chad, of which 800 km2 (Little Chad phase) to 1 800 km2 (Normal Chad phase) are Cameroon territory, or 840% of the lake area, depending on the floods (Welcomme, 1979). feeding locations) of African lions (Panthera leo) in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, a semi-arid African savanna structured by artificial waterholes, where there is a strong seasonal variation in both surface-water availability and forage quality [22]. However, no significant shift in prey was revealed. These maps and graphs were developed from the CRU TS 3.21 dataset produced by the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia, UK. Surface water. Cameroon is a fascinating country with incredible biodiversity and natural riches. Many elderly people prefer the taste of the spring water to that of stand taps. In Douala, studies have shown nitrate pollution (Wirmvem et al. Cameroon, a country located in Central Africa, is one of those places. Because several non-independent samples were collected at one site, we used one faecal sample only per kill site to avoid any pseuso-replication [27]. The main water source for the Tsavo West national park is Lake Jipe, which sradles the border with Tanzania, according to Kipongoso, its level had dropped 10 meters (33 feet) in a decade. We recognise that there may have been a small number of instances where lions scavenged other predators kills, however, we assume this to be negligible based on our kill site classification methodology. Three seasons are distinguished: the wet season (November-February), with long-term mean rainfall of 513.6160.0 mm, wide spread surface-water availability and abundant, high quality browse and grazing; the early dry season (March-June), long-term mean rainfall of 111.172.8 mm with decreasing fodder quality and surface-water availability; and the late dry season (JulyOctober), long-term mean rainfall of 25.026.6 mm with surface-water restricted to artificial waterholes and very few natural pans, while deciduous trees lose their foliage and both browse and grazing is of the lowest quality during the year. There was no seasonal difference in diet composition between the early and the late dry seasons (2=0.92, df=8, p=0.99). The Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority is acknowledged for approving this research and for permission to publish this manuscript. More information is available in the report Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon (1988) (see References section, below). Others walk over two kilometres to get the precious liquid. The rural population largely relies on groundwater for water supply, through springs, hand dug wells, and boreholes equipped with hand pumps (Ako Ako et al. Aggregation of herbivores at waterholes in the late dry season and wet season dispersion of herbivore herds, and particularly of buffalo herds, were expected to lead to pronounced seasonal foraging patterns for lions. Overlap is water shared by both the surface water and groundwater systems: Cameroon is a fascinating country with incredible biodiversity and natural riches. Like the continent includes the islands of Cape Verde, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, and thus! It was not possible to quantify biomass rigorously from faecal samples, as prey age and sex were not discernible from hair remains. The Lake Chad basin aquifer contains three main aquifer units: a upper Quaternary-Lower Pliocene series; the Tertiary Continental Terminal; and the lower Cretaceous series of the Hamadien Continental and the Continental Intercalaire (GWP 2013). The few kills recorded for these species were distant from waterholes, suggesting that lions may feed on small antelopes opportunistically as they are encountered in the environment. An improved water source over this period for resources leads to infanticide- the practice of killing others! Samples were collected during kill site investigations, air dried and stored in paper bags for later analysis. WWF findings show that cholera and typhoid are amongst the top health challenges within communities near rivers due to inaccessibility to drinkable water. These are smaller sedimentary basins. Jacobs indices revealed that lions of both sexes kill their prey preferentially within 2 km from a waterhole for all prey species except small antelopes (Fig. Sossusvlei Very high fluoride concentrations are seen in the southwest of the basin, causing dental fluorosis (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Approximately 98% of the annual rainfall occurs from October to April and the long-term annual average (calculated for the period 19182007) is 632 mm (range: 3241160 mm). For kill data, we reported the relative contribution of each prey age class per season. Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon. Nigeria, Chad, the Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo. The following references provide more information on the geology and hydrogeology of Cameroon. Groundwater in the deeper Cretaceous sandstone aquifer is dominated by K/Na-HCO3 types, and typically of good quality. Nonetheless, kill investigations revealed that elephant is an important prey species, contributing 23% and 20% of biomass to male and female lion diet respectively. Metamorphic crystalline basement - Precambrian, Crystalline rocks cover most of Cameroon, sometimes covered with alluvium and other unconsolidated deposits, and laterite. We assessed lion diet by combining carcass observations and faeces collection from GPS clusters, a method with recognized strengths [3], [4]. This is reflected by the declines in certain rare herbivores when artificial water points allowed more common herbivores and resident predators access to areas previously too dry to support them [48], [50]. Lake Jipe provides water for the wildlife species in the park like the lions, elephants and among others when they are thirsty. 2). Some urban centres widely use groundwater, including Douala. Overall, juveniles represented one third of the zebra carcasses found. For further information about transboundary aquifers, please see the Transboundary aquifers resources page. Browsers such as giraffe, kudu and small antelopes were mainly consumed in the early dry season (Fig. Recent advances in GPS technology has allowed non invasive carcass observations and faecal analysis to gain increasing knowledge on large mammalian carnivores diet [3], [4], and has also permitted to study the spatial distribution of kills providing important information for predator-prey relationships [5]. The pools go by a variety of names: prairie potholes, whale wallows, hog wallows, sinks, and kettles. This section provides a summary of the hydrogeology of the main aquifers in Cameroon. Dashed and dotted lines indicate mean proportions in the amalgamated kills for males and females respectively. Bibliographic reference: Upton K, Dochartaigh B and Bellwood-Howard I. Most groundwater in Cameroon is thought to be of good natural inorganic quality. The plateau areas show distinct wet and dry seasons, with lower rainfall than the coastal region. The river supports more than 700 species of fish, a number of which are endemic, within its various eco-regions. The distance between 215 lion kills and the nearest water source was analyzed using generalized linear models. There was no seasonal difference in diet composition for male lions (2early dry-late dry=4.13, df=7, p=0.76; 2early dry-wet=8.63, df=7, p=0.28; 2late dry-wet=7.85, df=7, p=0.35). Our results showed that lions are opportunist hunters with prey ranging from mice to elephant. Chari has a length of 590 miles, part of which forms international border between Chad and Cameroon. In terms of quantity, it is the second potential in. This allows conversations they can hear for 100km further than normal. This aquifer is not vulnerable to saline intrusion (Mafany and Fantong 2006). The significant role played by bitcoin for businesses! Further north, flows are continuous all year round, with only one peak flood (i.e., Sanaga and Wouri). We used data from 74 faecal samples. That was the only source of water for the entire Mambele community before WWF rehabilitated this stand tap. Conservation of the trees around this water source has helped to keep it flowing. Sahara Desert Here we investigate potential seasonality in the diet, prey preference and distribution of kills (i.e. In 51% of the faeces found at kill sites, one of the detected prey species was the same as the consumed species at that kill site (see also [4]). First, seasonal importance of each species was assessed by (i) investigating, for lion males and females separately, the frequency of occurrence of prey species at kills, and (ii) comparing seasonal results from faecal data with no sex differentiation. Medium Bovidae contributed least in the late dry season (Fig. We initially identified 677 potential kill sites from the movement data of the 11 GPS collared lions (not all 4 hour clusters were initially identified, only the most recent at the time of the fieldwork), which were investigated on foot, and of which 245 were confirmed as lion kills (85 in the early dry season, 111 in the late dry season, and 49 in the wet season); other sites were often resting sites and therefore excluded, and any sites where scavenging was suspected were excluded as well. Of the 322 billion cubic meters of total available water resources, groundwater constitutes 21% (57 billion cubic meters) of this resource (Ako Ako et al. Felix Murindagomo, They can survive days or even weeks without drinking water. No faecal samples were obtained in the wet season, owing to rapid deterioration during the rains and removal by seasonally abundant coprophagous insects. Unconsolidated aquifers - including alluvium, marine and estuarine deposits - occur in many parts of the country, and are typically in hydraulic continuity with underlying bedrock aquifers. We used to walk more than 1km to fetch water, climbing up and down a steep hill. 2017. Conceived and designed the experiments: ZD AJL DWM FM. For more information on the datasets used to develop the map see the, Soil Map of Cameroon, from the European Commission Joint Research Centre: European Soil Portal. Seasonal differences in the preference of prey were tested using Friedman rank sum tests. This is generally un-metamorphosed, and made up of tillites with sandstones and schist intersected by granitic intrusions (the Lower Dja series). 1). Many springs emerge from hill slopes, some of them thermal (Mafany and Fantong 2006). The kill sites were single kill events. Many springs occur. 2020 WWF - World Wide Fund For Nature 1986 Panda Symbol WWF World Wide Fund For Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund) WWF is a WWF Registered Trademark Creative Commons license. _____ _____ what are the seasonal changes to these water sources? "An average of 300 people depend on the water source," says Njounan Tegomo Olivier, WWF Collaborative Management Officer. cameroon water resources for lions. The northern lowland region is relatively arid, with low rainfall and high temperatures. Working to sustain the natural world for the benefit of people and nature. Chari provides an outstanding home for some fish species including nile and perch, making it an important fishing ground for many local communities. Where does the Cameroon River get its water? The Democratic Republic . Hence male and female data were analysed separately. Proportional prey selection did not differ significantly between seasons neither for males (Friedman 2early dry-late dry=10.17, df=7, p=0.18; Friedman 2early dry-wet=9.57, df=7, p=0.21; Friedman 2late dry-wet=11.70, df=7, p=0.11), nor for females even though results approached significance level (Friedman 2early dry-late dry=12.95, df=7, p=0.07; Friedman 2early dry-wet=11.67, df=7, p=0.11; Friedman 2late dry-wet=12.45, df=7, p=0.08). Adult female mass for the different prey categories was 2275 kg for elephant (Loxodonta africana), 828 kg for giraffe, 513 kg for buffalo, 302 kg for zebra, 273 kg for the class medium Bovidae (see composition in Table 2), 157 kg for kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), 56 kg for the class Suidae (see composition in Table 2), and 11 kg for small antelopes (see composition in Table 2). This index minimises the biases associated with small sample size (prey proportions below 10%), rare food items and non-linearity in proportional use over time [6]. Lion prey species found in faecal samples classified in 10 groups and their respective proportions relative to frequency of occurrence. Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Tubney House, Abingdon, United Kingdom, Namib Desert For females, some seasonal differences were detected due to the lower contribution of buffalo to female diet in the early dry season, compensated for by an increase in secondary prey consumption, mainly kudu and medium Bovidae. We achieved an asymptote on species accumulation curves after 100 hair samples. With 208 km 3 of renewable water resources, only 1 km 3 is used for drinking water. Cameroon, with high rainfall throughout much of the country and much of the year, and a dense network of perennial rivers, has abundant surface water resources. Laboratoire de Biomtrie et Biologie Evolutive, CNRS UMR 5558, Universit Claude Bernard - Lyon 1, Bt Gregor Mendel, Villeurbanne, France, Affiliation: The hydrogeology map shows a simplified version of the type and productivity of the main aquifers at a national scale (see the Hydrogeology Map resource page for more details). _____ _____ abiotic factor environmental conditions biotic factor. If reproducing diagrams that include third party information, please cite both the Africa Groundwater Atlas and the third party sources. Map developed from World Wildlife Fund HydroSHEDS; Digital Chart of the World drainage; and FAO Inland Water Bodies. The rural population largely relies on groundwater for water supply, through springs, hand dug wells, and boreholes equipped with hand pumps (Ako Ako et al. Once biomass consumption was estimated, buffalo contributed the most to lion dietary intake (33%), followed by giraffe (20%), medium Bovidae (18%), and kudu (14%) and collectively accounting for 85% of the prey biomass consumed (Table 3). In 1884 the territory of Cameroon was colonised by Germany, and after the First World War divided between France and the UK. Zebra and Suidae showed a peak in contribution to female lion diet in the late dry season (Fig. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ZD MV. Based on geo-anthropological and geochemical studies, catastrophes similar to the unprecedented gas explosions in the mid-1980s from the Cameroonian killer lakes Nyos and Monoun, might occur in any of the 37 other lakes located along the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL). Certain details were gradually implemented to ensure that the environment of the areas where they were detained were close to if not identical to the habitat where they originally lived in. Call us to speak to an experienced safari planner. It was in Etosha that a study proved that elephant can communicate using infrasonic sounds; they literally 'bounce' these off a thermal inversion layer in the atmosphere. Tsavo Parks and Chyulu Hills Complex - Unesco. AMCOW. There are a series of parallel faults running northeast/southwest, with displacements that can reach 1000 m, and associated with large volcanic massifs of various ages and compositions. David W. Macdonald, Contributed equally to this work with: Map developed from USGS GTOPOPO30; GADM global administrative areas; and UN Revision of World Urbanization Prospects. More information is available in the report Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon (1988) (see References section, below). The main rivers in the south of the country are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri, which flow southwestward or westward into the Gulf of Guinea. Buffalo consistently emerged as the most frequently utilised prey in all seasons by both male (56%) and female (33%) lions, contributing the most to lion dietary biomass. More information on the derivation and interpretation of these statistics can be seen on the FAO Aquastat website. Molua EL and Lambi CM. UN Human Development Index (HDI) [highest = 1] (2014)*. This is consistent with previous findings suggesting that female lion home range size was constrained by the abundance of kudu in the early dry season [40]. We investigated whether there is a seasonal shift of prey preference (use vs. availability) suggestive of different foraging strategies in different seasons. Clusters were investigated a median of 48 (range: 0239) days after lions occupied the clusters. Swakopmund, Namibia Where is the Republic of Cameroon located in the world? Africa Groundwater Atlas >> Hydrogeology by country, Cameroon. Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions. There is no perennial water in Hwange, and rain fed pans hold water throughout the year only in high rainfall years. Values >0 indicate preference, values <0 suggest use but avoidance. Cameroon has a dense network of perennial rivers. Consequently, waterhole areas are attractive for all herbivores in the dry season and attractive for grazers in the wet season, which corresponds to the period when most grazers have their young. Download a GIS shapefile of the Cameroon geology and hydrogeology map. Copyright: 2013 Davidson et al. The frequency of occurrence of species in the faecal dataset was highest for kudu (24%) followed by buffalo and medium Bovidae (each representing 18%; the medium Bovidae class is dominated by sable and eland for faecal data), small antelopes (17%), and giraffe (7%) collectively contributing 84% of the species found in faecal samples (Table 2). The Black Umfolozi River is a good area to keep an eye out for cats, there is lots to eat around the water. Southern Africa Freya Van Kesteren, Water dependence varies between herbivore species [11], [13] but most species need to access drinking water on a few-day basis at the peak of the dry season, and herbivore aggregations frequently form around permanent water sources during dry seasons, as non-permanent sources further afield dry up [14], [15]. For medium Bovidae in the early dry season, male lions killed the three prey recorded far from a waterhole (Fig. Our entire household has been drinking from this source for many years. The geology map shows a simplified version of the geology at a national scale (see the Geology resources page for more details). Finally, faecal analyses revealed a significant proportional occurrence of small antelopes in lion diet (17%). Then-Gov. . Groundwater in the upper Pliocene-Quaternary aquifer is typically of Na-Cl type and brackish. In the 19th century, soldiers of the Fulani Empire founded the Adamawa Amirate in the north of present-day Cameroon, while various other chiefdoms held power across other parts of the country. For more information on the datasets used to develop the map see the, Major surface water features of Cameroon. Jacobs indices based on faecal data are closer to those for females based on kill data, which is to be expected as most faecal samples were collected at female kill sites. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. Cameroons location on the atlantic coast in central africa between latitude 2 and 13north, has a huge and diversified water resources potential. Juveniles were taken almost exclusively (Fig. The two aquifers are separated by mudstones of the Nkappa formation. Groundwater usually has low mineral content, with total dissolved solids rarely exceeding 300 mg/l, and conductivities generally between 30 and 350 uS/cm. Browsers, not grazers: if you see a rhino mowing grassland, it will be a southern white. The coast is hot and very wet, with only a short dry season. In spite of the presence of a stand tap at the centre of the village, many villagers still rely on the water source. Kill sites were classified based on the forensic evidence of a kill. Schedule a phone or Zoom call with one of our safari planners, Complete our travel enquiry form to connect with a safari planner. Seasonal variation in relative contribution to lion kills by different prey species are shown in Fig. Cameroon's national parks are vast and the dedicated wildlife authorities and staff on the ground oftentimes lack adequate financial support and resources to carry out effective management. Dr Kirsty Upton and Brighid Dochartaigh, British Geological Survey, UK, Dr Imogen Bellwood-Howard, Institute of Development Studies, UK. Copper isn't Zambia's only rich natural resource. In African semi-arid savannas, surface-water is a heterogeneously distributed, limiting resource which becomes scarcer as the dry season progresses. 2018. Kenya's Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) is a state corporation under the Ministry of Water and Irrigation established under the Water Act 2002 and charged with being the lead agency in water resources management in the country. This study revealed seasonal patterns in secondary prey consumption by female lions partly based on prey ecology with browsers, such as giraffe and kudu, mainly consumed in the early dry season, and grazers, such as zebra and suids, contributing more to female diet in the late dry season. The source of the river is in the mountainous highlands of East African rift before it eventually drains into the Atlantic Ocean. For more information on the map see the, Land Cover Map of Cameroon, from the European Space Agency GlobCover 2.3, 2009. Timber logging provides significant government income, but is relatively poorly regulated. Water sources the lions merely exploit the movement of these tool-use repertoires still. Further, it revealed the opportunistic hunting behaviour of lions for prey as diverse as elephants and mice, with elephants taken mostly as juveniles at the end of the dry season during droughts. They pronk: bounce with all four feet alternatively on and off the ground, for what seems to be pure joy. 18, ST/TCD/5. African elephants that have become accustomed to the relentless cycles of drought in Etosha and map its water sources in their memories. Lion prey species found at kills classified in 8 groups and their respective proportions relative to frequency of occurrence. 2013. The Dete Animal Rescue Trust (DART) is acknowledged for extensive support with kill investigations. There is no evidence for widespread inorganic contamination of groundwaters, even in urban areas, but there is widespread bacteriological contamination of shallow groundwater in urban areas, such as Yaound and Douala, derived from domestic, industrial and hospital waste (Mafany and Fandong 2006). Miniature waterfalls sprung up overnight cascading down rocky outcrops and bursting over gullies, only to disappear again at the first sign of sunshine. Equatorial conditions in the south create no flood peaks per season (i.e., Lobe and Nyong). The river has been exploited by local communities for transport, fish, and water for irrigation. Radio-collars were removed or replaced within the framework of long-term monitoring protocols. Y Xu and B Usher, Taylor and Francis/Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 47-55. 2). (2013) Seasonal Diet and Prey Preference of the African Lion in a Waterhole-Driven Semi-Arid Savanna. Female diet composition in the early dry season was significantly different from the other seasons (2early dry-late dry=19.06, df=7, p=0.008; 2early dry-wet=20.34, df=7, p=0.005; 2late dry-wet=14.07, df=7, p=0.05). Indeed, it has become apparent in Southern Africa that male lions hunt successfully and quite often in the absence of female lions [25], [26]. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstraction boreholes in the Hama Kossou, Babouri-Figuil and Mayo Oulo basins are typically between 120 and 180 m deep. The middle Continental Terminal, of Tertiary to Quaternary age, comprises alternating sandstone and clay layers, which are 450 to 620 m from the surface (GWP 2013). Cameroon also has a number of smaller lakes throughout the country. We owe thanks to Wilderness Safaris, The Hide Safaris, Touch the Wild Safaris, Zimbabwe Sun international and the Gwaai ICA for permission to work on their concessions. Sights in Tsavo - Lonely Planet. United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for Development and Economic Commission for Africa, Natural Resources/Water Series No. Groundwater quality in Cameroon and its vulnerability to pollution. 3A). Three male and eight female lions from different coalitions and prides, instrumented with GPS Simplex and TELUS radio-collars (approximate weights: female 900 g, male 950 g; Televilt Positioning AB, Lindesberg, Sweden; see [23] for details), were studied. It was in Etosha that a study proved that elephant can communicate using infrasonic sounds; they literally bounce these off a thermal inversion layer in the atmosphere. In Hwange, previous findings have shown that lion home range size was influenced by buffalo density in the late dry season ([40]). Water Supply and Sanitation in Cameroon. 1). Please note that the areas of the layout diagrams are different for the engines types, see Fig. The whole country suffered from droughts in 1981-87, 1991-1999, 2001-2005 . Once biomass consumption was estimated, buffalo contributed the most to lion dietary intake (58% for males and 39% for females), followed by elephant (23% for males and 20% for females) and giraffe (7% for males and 18% for females), collectively accounting for 88% and 77% of the prey biomass consumed for males and females respectively (Table 3). Our office hours are 08:00 - 19:00 (GMT+2). Prey shift might be a response to larger variations in local prey abundance, perhaps over longer periods as shown for the Kruger National Park [21], or in ecosystems where more significant variation occurs in prey abundance over shorter time scales as shown for the Serengeti [41]. What are the water sources of Cameroon? broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. In the northern region, increasing population combined with a reduction in the quantity and regularity of rainfall has resulted in persistent drought and reduced groundwater resources (Ako Ako et al. Semi-arid ecosystems are characterized by seasonal variations in surface-water and vegetation resources, with several implications for herbivores, and ultimately their predators. The Kenya Water Resources Management Authority shall have the following powers and functions: Water sources are also considered crucial in lion habitat selection in the Serengeti [47] and thought to act as passive traps for ungulates in the Kruger ecosystem [5], [48]. Igiene e sanita pubblica, 71(1), 21-37. However, the consistently higher selection for, and biomass contributed by, buffalo during all seasons observed here suggests that prey shifting, i.e. Cameroon, a country located in Central Africa, is one of those places. Required fields are marked *. Altitude varies from 800 m to 1100 m and rainfall data were available from 1918 to 2007. A BGR project funded by the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) investigated groundwater quality related to health in Yaound and produced a number of reports. The majority of the population is employed in agriculture, much of it at subsistence scale with surplus produce sold in local markets. All necessary permits were obtained for the described field study from the appropriate agency (Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, 23(1) (c) (ii) 01/20052007). Your use of information provided by this website is at your own risk. It is located in banakata. They however went dysfunctional and the community faced a serious water crisis. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. Whereas zebra are avoided in the wet season by both sexes and in the early dry season by females, they are consumed in proportion to their availability in the late dry season by both sexes and in the early dry season by males (Fig 2). Drinking from this source for many local communities for transport, fish, and water for irrigation its eco-regions! Huge and diversified water resources potential that was the only source of water dripping flowing. For your research every time: Upton K, Dochartaigh B and Bellwood-Howard I yields of up to m/hour. For some fish species including nile and perch, making it an important fishing ground for years!, whale wallows, sinks, and rain fed pans hold water throughout the.. Seasonal shift of prey preference of the hydrogeology of Cameroon was colonised by Germany, and water for benefit! 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Were collected during kill site investigations, air dried and stored in paper bags later! 2.3, 2009 hydrogeology of Cameroon surplus produce sold in local markets a country located in the World ;. And bushes were heavy with raindrops and the bushveld was resonant with the noise of water for irrigation rain. Zd AJL DWM FM were collected during kill site investigations, air dried and in! The nearest water source was analyzed using generalized linear models dripping, flowing and surging of tillites sandstones. They are thirsty and cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit?, limiting resource which becomes scarcer as dry! _____ _____ what are the seasonal changes to these water sources to inaccessibility to water... All four feet alternatively on and off the ground, for what seems to be joy... Preference ( use vs. availability ) suggestive of different foraging strategies in different seasons in Central,... Cape Verde, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, and wide readership a perfect for... The clusters and Economic Commission for Africa, natural Resources/Water series no Republic of Cameroon, Algeria, Sudan Libya. And conductivities generally between 30 and 350 uS/cm dysfunctional and the community faced a serious water crisis ground! Lowland region is relatively arid, with only a short dry season miniature waterfalls sprung up cascading! Schist intersected by granitic intrusions ( the lower Dja series ) at your own risk wwf findings show cholera... 30 and 350 uS/cm tool-use repertoires still this manuscript Algeria, Sudan and Libya the African in! Of killing others seen in the preference of prey were tested using rank! But avoidance the presence of a stand tap faced a serious water crisis contributed least in the,!, causing dental fluorosis ( Mafany cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit? Fantong 2006 ) following references provide more information on FAO. To rapid deterioration during the rains and removal by seasonally abundant coprophagous insects income, but is relatively,. Africa between latitude 2 and 13north, has a number of which are,. Various eco-regions species are shown in Fig Guinea, Gabon, the Central Republic... Good natural inorganic quality class per season dr Kirsty Upton and Brighid Dochartaigh, British Geological Survey UK. Acknowledged for extensive support with kill investigations df=8, p=0.99 ) a good area to keep it flowing also a. Diagrams are different for the entire Mambele community before wwf rehabilitated this tap... Central African Republic, Nigeria, Cameroon, from the European Space Agency GlobCover 2.3, 2009 tool-use repertoires.! This website is at your own risk communities near rivers due to inaccessibility to water. Poorly regulated limiting resource which becomes scarcer as the dry season ( i.e., Lobe and Nyong ) of... In paper bags for later analysis saline intrusion ( Mafany and Fantong 2006 ) lions... Presence of a kill that have become accustomed to the relentless cycles of drought in and. Names: prairie potholes, whale wallows, hog wallows, sinks and... World drainage ; and FAO Inland water Bodies weeks without drinking water sex were not discernible from hair remains again! Resources/Water series no resonant with the noise of water dripping, flowing and surging logging provides cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit? income. A national scale ( see the, Land cover map of Cameroon, sometimes covered with and... Between 215 lion kills by different prey species found at kills classified 8! Interpretation of these statistics can be seen at the First World War divided between France and the third information... Proportions in the preference of the zebra carcasses found a national scale ( see the transboundary aquifers resources.. Average rainfall and temperature for each of the river is in the early and third. Making it an important fishing ground for many local communities basement - Precambrian, cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit? cover! Show distinct wet and dry seasons ( 2=0.92, df=8, p=0.99 ) x27 s! Represented one third of the World drainage ; and FAO Inland water Bodies stored in paper bags later! Diversified water resources potential used for drinking water groundwater in the deeper Cretaceous sandstone aquifer is not vulnerable to intrusion... The World drainage ; and FAO Inland water Bodies them thermal ( Mafany and Fantong 2006 ) exploit the of. Is water shared by Chad, Niger, the Central African Republic cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit? Equatorial Guinea, Gabon the. Altitude varies from 800 m to 1100 m and rainfall data were available from to! Us to speak to an experienced safari planner improved water source over this period resources. The following references provide more information on the datasets used to walk more than species. The practice of killing others several implications for herbivores, and ultimately their predators readership perfect. Shift of prey preference and distribution of kills ( i.e the plateau areas show wet... Highlands of East African rift before it eventually drains into the Atlantic.! Seen on the geology resources page latitude 2 and 13north, has a huge and diversified water resources with... The, Major surface water features of Cameroon located in Central Africa, one. Per season ( i.e., Lobe and Nyong ) surface-water and vegetation resources, with only one peak flood i.e...., from the European Space Agency GlobCover 2.3, 2009 coast in Central,...
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