From there, it next notes, "And when they had brought them." The wording makes it evident that the apostles freely went with the guards and that they were not bound or conducted . But besides this, the gospel, instead of putting a man under blood as a threat or imprecation of death in case of failure, the awful sign of his doom before his eyes if he disobeyed, puts him under the sprinkling of the blood of Jesus, which assures him of plenary forgiveness. disobedient in the times of Noah; and therefore not of the So, then, it must first of all be remembered that this whole matter is to be thought of, not in terms of hell, as we understand the word, but in terms of Christ's going to the dead in their shadowy world. His coming ( ) is that which effects the rapture and reception of the saints to Himself; and His appearing is that which subsequently displays them with Himself before the world, and therefore expresses but a part of His presence, being the special (not the generic) term. He is keeping up the link with saints of old by a general principle. The Jews had brought His government into contempt by their own rebellion against His name; and Jehovah Himself had found it morally needful to hand over His own nation into the power of their enemies. No debates have been so acrimonious as theological debates; no differences have caused such bitterness as religious differences. It is a strange sound and fact at first, but in the end precious. This is the more important, because of itself it completely dissipates a thought as common as it is grievous to the Lord, that Christ is the one in whom the love is, and that His task for the most part is to turn away the totally opposite feeling that is in God Himself. .") Will the dust praise thee? See Matthew 3:1; Matthew 4:17; Mark 1:35; Mark 5:20; Mark 7:36. I do not think it requires much argument to show whether under the gospel the Jews or the world are in such a condition as the prophet describes, or whether there, is anything in progress that is intended or calculated to bring about such a result. Christ gave himself for our sins ( Galatians 1:4). Whilst the Lord was here, it is ignorance and error to call such a state of things, however blessed and needed, Christianity. Two characters of priesthood are here shown us. Honey, do you love me? they were sometimes so, yet to what purpose should this former In this I, for one, do not believe. From the time that this new nature is given, the purpose of the heart is to obey. And this hippie kid, you know the beard and the whole thing, got out of his van and he looked back at me and just came with a peace sign, you know.You know suddenly I felt real terrible about laying on my horn and the attitude that I had. In the New Testament the corresponding noun prosagoge ( G4318) is three times used. Article Images Copyright 2023 Getty Images unless otherwise indicated. There may be a still more diffusive action of the Holy Ghost when He is shed upon all flesh, not merely as a sample, but to an extent (I do not say depth) beyond what was accomplished on the day of Pentecost. I mean, I was ready to tear him apart. There could have been no Christianity if Jesus had not come; yet as long as He was visibly present on earth, Christianity proper could not even begin. It is not that the Jews were not elect as a nation, but therein precisely it is where they stand in contrast with the Christian. Pity is of the very essence of God and compassion of the very being of Jesus Christ; a pity so great that God sent his only Son to die for men, a compassion so intense that it took Christ to the Cross. Several reasons support this view: (a) Peter calls Noah a herald of righteousness (2 Peter 2:5), where herald represents Greek kryx, preacher, which corresponds to the noun kryss, proclaim, in 1 Peter 3:19. Have no fear of them; do not be troubled; but in your hearts give Christ a unique place. Peter says that Jesus Christ was put to death in the flesh but raised to life in the Spirit, and that it was in the Spirit that he so preached. Such is Christianity. It is not merely certain men, one or two, but "as each man," whatever the number, whether few or many. Why did He do it? They watch. . By which also he went and preached to the spirits in prison; 1 Peter 1:11,12 Searching what, or what manner of time the Spirit of Christ which was in them did signify, when it testified beforehand the sufferings of Christ, and the glory that should follow. The science of finding types and antitypes in the Old and the New Testaments is very highly developed. so called; and besides, the apostle is speaking of such who were You're everything to me." There is given to the soul of him who thus rests on God's power keeping him a wholly different tone from that of the man who thinks of his own perseverance as a saint. "Whom," says he, "having not seen, ye love." It seems to me that rather means a watchtower in which watchmen stand for the purpose of watching, or the very act of watching, for it is often so taken by Greek authors; and the meaning would be very appropriate, that godly souls were watching in hope of the salvation promised them, as though they saw it afar off. in In a certain sense they are strangers now; but it is an awful sense, because it is the fruit of judgment. Instead of improving the intelligibility of the passage (as a co. Albert Barnes' Bible Commentary They would rather have placed the sprinkling of the blood first, and obedience next. 1. In every business contract there was a definite question and answer which made the contract binding. This too is of the greatest importance for us all to remember and seek to realize by faith. It is not then a question of wounding; for why should it hurt you, if I see a particular truth and must act according to it? The identity of the "spirits in prison" is problematic. There is a sense in which pity is in danger of becoming a lost virtue. It may be well to point out that the Spirit is used particularly in connection with Noah, as we find in Genesis 6:1-22: "My Spirit shall not always strive with man, for that he also is flesh." The preaching was in the days of Noah. Both Paul and Peter are quite sure that the Christian wife must remain with the heathen husband so long as he does not send her away. The real meaning may make the difficulty appear to be greater for a moment (as, I suppose, the truth often, if not always, does); but when received and understood, what has such strength of appeal to the conscience? As we shall go on to see, this most probably means that in the time between his death and his resurrection Jesus actually preached the gospel in the abode of the dead; that is to say, to those who in their . It comes, second, from the fact that the Christian has a new standard of comparison. poreutheis. But if a wife became a Christian while her husband did not, she was taking a step which was unprecedented and which produced the acutest problems. He went - To wit, in the days of Noah. It was in the Spirit that Enoch also went and preached to the imprisoned spirits who had disobeyed at the time when God's patience held out during the construction of the ark in the days of Noah." They were that wicked race which lived in the days of Noah. Because they were dead and disembodied when the apostle speaks of them, therefore he properly calls them spirits now in prison; not that they were in prison when Christ preached to them, as the vulgar Latin translation and the popish expositors pretend. Proved unbelief will be certainly to the praise of none, but where feeble faltering faith has been put in evidence by the trial, while surely forgiven in the grace of God, nevertheless the failure cannot but be judged as such. (3) The Descent Into Hell ( 1 Peter 3:18 b-20;4:6 Continued). Peter here introduced more information about Jesus activity in His spirit (i.e., His post-resurrection sphere of life), in addition to what he said about His resurrection from the dead (1 Peter 3:18), to encourage his readers. God had done this for Noah even though he and his family were a small minority in their day. In 1Pe 1:3, Peter says, "we are born anew to a living hope thru the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead. (it isn't the washing away of the filth of the flesh, but it is the answer of a good conscience toward God,) by the resurrection of Jesus Christ ( 1 Peter 3:21 ): So the true baptism is a matter of my heart.Now I do believe that every one who believes in Jesus Christ should be baptized in water. Others, as the Papists, imagine the sense to be, that Christ, at his death, went in his human soul, into a place they call "Limbus Patrum", which they suppose is meant by the prison here, and delivered the souls of the Old Testament saints and patriarchs from thence, and carried them with him to heaven; but this sense is also false, because, as before observed, not the human soul of Christ, but his divine nature, is designed by the Spirit; nor is there any such place as here feigned, in which the souls of Old Testament saints were, before the death of Christ; for they were in peace and rest, in the kingdom of heaven, in Abraham's bosom, inheriting the promises, and not in a prison; besides, the text says not one word of the delivering of these spirits out of prison, only of Christ's preaching to them: add to all this, and which Beza, with others, observes, the apostle speaks of such as had been disobedient, and unbelievers; a character which will not agree with righteous men, and prophets, and patriarchs, under the former dispensation: others think the words are to be understood of Christ's going to preach, by his apostles, to the Gentiles, as in Ephesians 2:17 who were in a most miserable condition, strangers to the covenants of promise, and destitute of the hope of salvation, and sat in darkness, and the shadow of death, and, as it were, at the gates of hell; were in the bonds of iniquity, and dead in sin, and had been for long time past foolish and disobedient, serving divers lusts and pleasures, to which they were in bondage. And though, does not speak with such distinctness, it must not thus be understood as though he mixed together the righteous and the wicked without any difference, but he only wishes to teach, that a, By which also he went and preached unto the spirits in prison, Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers. It so happens that in the Greek version of the Old Testament the regular phrase for a sin-offering is peri ( G4012) hamartias ( G266) (Hamartias, G266, is the singular of hamartion, G266) , as, for instance, in Leviticus 5:7 and Leviticus 6:30. Douay-Rheims 1899 American Edition Update. After this Peter not only branches out into the outward life, but takes particular note of the family and its relationships. But still, as far as unbelief does work, it is just so far death in effect. Nothing is said of preaching in prison, but to the imprisoned spirits not when they were there. It is not exactly "the answer of a good conscience." It is only when a man falls in love with goodness that the wrong things lose their fascination and their power. In regard to the inquiry, then, who these spirits were, there can be no difference of opinion. The function of the High Priest, and Jesus Christ is the perfect High Priest, is to offer sacrifice for sins ( Hebrews 5:1; Hebrews 5:3). Because they have partaken of the one bread, they must be one body ( 1 Corinthians 10:17). But there's an interesting proverb that says, "A soft answer turns away wrath" ( Proverbs 15:1 ). But it is a reality, and from that time this sanctification of the Spirit becomes a fact. "What profit is there in my death if I go down to the pit? But and if you suffer for righteousness' sake, happy are ye: and be not afraid of their terror, neither be troubled ( 1 Peter 3:13-14 ); He's moving into a new section in which he is going to be talking about suffering, and for the most part suffering wrongfully, suffering for righteousness' sake. This alone restores the balance; and thus we are taken out of all conceit of our own stability. So Herodotus, to these things they spake, saying - for they said. And as he is writing in his own little exhortations here, he goes back and he quotes a portion of Psalm 34 , about three or four verses out of Psalm 34 . Such was Hades, into which the spirits of all men went after death. When he refers to Him as a "lamb without blemish and without spot," he evidently points to their types, yea, to Christ before the types, because we had that from the very beginning in the first recorded sacrifice, long before there was a Jew and still more before the law. If that is what he meant, then the figure harmonizes perfectly with Jesus' preaching to the citizens of Nazareth and others of that generation, referring to his message as "a proclamation of release to the captives," that is, the captives in sin (Luke 4:18). Others explain this passage of the apostles, that Christ by their ministry appeared to the dead, that is, to unbelievers. Purple was the favourite colour for clothes. It is He that raises the question of conscience in His sight, and this is so much the more dreadful, because when renewed we know better our own subtlety and His unstained essential holiness. prison of hell, so the Syriac version renders it, (lwyvb) , "in hell", see ( Revelation Personal / Relative Pronoun - Dative Neuter Singular, Verb - Aorist Participle Passive - Nominative Masculine Singular, Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singular. Some of the most beautiful people in the world, that beautiful inner beauty; you love to be around them because there's just such a beauty that comes forth from their lives. Then it is that the trial of the faith of the Christian will be made manifest in glory. The coming of Jesus might be misunderstood, as being a much more comprehensive term than His appearing or revelation. For this is why the gospel was preached even to the dead, so that, although they have already been judged in the flesh like men, they might live in the Spirit like God. Here are David's comments on verse 19, lightly adapted for readability: A number of alternative interpretations have been given. 4. In what sense does baptism save us? (3) The language employed does not demand this interpretation. Let him meet criticism with a life which is beyond reproach. in the text from the disobedient spirits. From phulasso; a guarding or, the act, the person; figuratively, the place, the condition, or, the time, literally or figuratively. of It is the foundation for it; and every one who rests on the blood of Christ is surely a Christian; but I repeat that, both for position before God and intelligent perception and power of soul, we need and have much more. "Lord, what wilt thou have me to do?" It is by the silent preaching of the loveliness of her life that she must break down the barriers of prejudice and hostility, and win her husband for her new Master. 1 Peter 3:19. The partaking of the bread and the cup, if you --if you don't believe in Jesus Christ, you're actually partaking your own damnation. They're basic to a good marriage, because the more the wife submits to her husband, the easier he finds it to show his love. A man may have more than one attitude to goodness. But it contains these three great truths--that Jesus Christ not only tasted death but drained the cup of death, that the triumph of Christ is universal and that there is no corner of the universe into which the grace of God has not reached. For it is hardly necessary to say to any intelligent believer, that whatever may be the new privileges, and consequently fresh duties which flow from them, there are certain unchangeable moral principles to which God holds throughout all time. Not rendering evil for evil ( 1 Peter 3:9 ), Now that's what the natural man would like to do, isn't it? There can be no Christianity without compassion. They are now "spirits" since they died long ago and their bodies have not yet experienced resurrection. This would completely do away with the idea of the descent into Hades. On the other hand, if he gives to Jesus Christ the unique place in his life, the most precious thing for him is his relationship to God and nothing can take that from him. Now, when a conscience is touched by the Holy Spirit, what is it that satisfies such a conscience? human soul of Christ, but his divine nature, is designed by the You can't do it with words; they have to see the Gospel demonstrated in your life. Hebrew Names Version Chapter Parallel 1 Peter 3:19 (HNV) in which he also went and preached to the spirits in prison, He also wanted to assure them of their ultimate triumph in Christ. that generation who was then in being; and who being disobedient, noun. When the Christian remembers his dependence on God and keeps before him the standard of Christ, he must remain humble. But the conjecture fails to do this. ) with what precedes, and in which reference is made to the glory of Him who was quickened according to the Spirit. 3 Whose adorning let it not be that outward adorning of plaiting the hair, and of wearing of gold, or of putting on of apparel; 1 Peter 3 - Submission and Suffering A. Submission in the home. (3.) Their attitude is that anyone who does not agree with them is either a fool or a knave and they seek to ram their beliefs down other people's throats. I do not say that there are no limits. personal ministry of Noah, and by the building of the ark, to He is and can be put to death by his family members if he leaves the Islam faith and becomes a Christian. She was entirely subject to her husband and completely at his mercy. This is somewhat difficult for theology, because in general even intelligent and godly souls are much shut up in the prevalent commonplaces of men. It is implied in the expression, as already remarked, that he did this himself; that it was the Son of God who subsequently became incarnate, and not the Holy Spirit, that did this; though the language is consistent with the supposition that he did it by the instrumentality of another, to wit, Noah. For after this manner in the old time the holy women also, who trusted in God, adorned themselves, being in subjection unto their own husbands: Even as Sarah obeyed Abraham, calling him lord: whose daughters ye are, as long as ye do well, and are not afraid with any amazement. He did not mean the mere outward act of baptism. does struggle to have its own way. Beautiful Christian trait: courtesy. And this is fortified, singular to say, (but confirming what has been already remarked) by the Psalms. The preacher--Christ Jesus, who has interested himself in the affairs of the church and of the world ever since he was first promised to Adam, Genesis 3:15. God would bring Peters readers safely through their trials just as He had brought Noah safely through his trials into a whole new world. This is the reason why the appearing of Jesus is brought in here. The mark of the Christian is that he forgives others as God has forgiven him ( Ephesians 4:32). sense, to the days of Noah, is very unaccountable; this sense That is to say, it is not simply the blood of Christ, which indeed is never the meaning of baptism; still less is it the life of Christ: baptism means nothing of the sort. So then, according to Jewish legend, Enoch did go to Hades and preach doom to the fallen angels. The meaning is, that the same Spirit which was efficacious in restoring him to life, after he was put to death, was that by which he preached to the spirits in prison. Again we have an exhortation to the elders (1 Peter 5:1-14). and how is it that we can call Him Father? By which also he went and preached unto the spirits Wives, likewise, be submissive to your own husbands, that even if some do not obey the word, they, without a word, may be won by the conduct of their wives, when they observe your chaste conduct accompanied by fear. The sufferings of Christ were a true and proper punishment; this punishment was suffered to expiate and to make an atonement for sin; and it extends to all sin. But this was the will of God. To the husband, it is the honoring and the loving of his wife. The simplest test of the reality of the Christianity of a man or a Church is whether or not it makes them love their fellow-men. And "he that eateth and drinketh unworthily, eateth and drinketh damnation to his own soul, not discerning the Lord's body" ( 1 Corinthians 11:29 ). Another ancient MS. in my possession has the words nearly as in the printed copy: In quo et hiis qui in carcere CONCLUSI erant SPIRITUALITER veniens praedicavit; "in which, coming spiritually, he preached to those who were SHUT UP in prison.". Our faith must be a first-hand discovery and not a second-hand story. In his body he suffered the penalty for their sins - death. Such was the ordering of matters under God's hand for both. We may put it this way. He was about to be a sacrifice for sin, giving Himself up spite of suffering, not only from man, but from God. (2) If the meaning be that he went and preached after his death, it seems difficult to know why the reference is to those only who had been disobedient in the days of Noah. Why were they alone selected for this message? "Be ready to give to every man an answer for that hope that you have.". Now this ought to be a great comfort even to the feeblest of God's children, not an alarm. Not so; for as He came out in the love of God, who none the less must by this very Christ judge every soul that lives in sin and unbelief, He would not go back to heaven until He bad by His own sacrifice completely put sin away. And I was really upset. I shall discuss these views in the exposition to follow. Others believe it happened during His ascension to heaven. "Baptism doth also now save us (not the putting away of the filth of the flesh, but the request of a good conscience toward God) by the resurrection of Jesus Christ, who is gone into heaven, and is on the right hand of God; angels and authorities and powers being made subject unto him.". Interestingly enough, Paul shares pretty much equally; has quite a bit to say to the wives but then he has also quite a bit to say to the husbands, as far as the marriage relationships, interpersonal relationships within marriage. One of the legends was that Enoch, though a man, acted as "God's envoy" to the angels who sinned by coming to earth and lustfully seducing mortal women ( Genesis 6:2). Christ died for our sins according to the scriptures ( 1 Corinthians 15:3). They too, those who had been before them, had been put to the proof in this way. It is not said to be at Christ's coming. This was done in the mighty work of the Saviour on the cross; and not the fact only but its results were made good when Christ, after having breathed His own risen life into them, went up to heaven and sent down the Holy Ghost that they might taste the joy and have the power of it. One group of interpreters believes Jesus went to the realm of the dead and preached to Noahs contemporaries between His crucifixion and His resurrection. These were the jewels which adorned the holy women of old. When a man for instance turns to God, when he has faith in Jesus, when he repents towards God, even though it may be faith but little developed or exercised, and although the repentance may be comparatively superficial (yet I am supposing now real faith and repentance through the action of the Holy Ghost), these are the tokens of the Spirit's sanctification. Peter does not tell the wife to preach or to argue. and be ready always to give an answer to every man that asks you for the reason of the hope that is in you with meekness and reverence ( 1 Peter 3:15 ): So live the kind of a life that is an example that will provoke people to question you. And so He ascended to the right hand of God; the angels, the authorities, the powers, the ranking of angels are all subject unto him. So when He died, He descended into hell. The total submission of the universe to Christ is woven into the thought of the New Testament. judgment, which is an eternal one; nor is there any salvation, or The prophets were constantly saying that the righteousness of God was near at, hand, and His salvation to be revealed. ( Psalms 30:9). Those who died in faith went to the place of comfort and were comforted by father Abraham. I can understand them, but do not in the least agree with them. And he, speaking, said; that is, he said. In it only a few people, eight in all, were saved through water, 21 and this water symbolizes . How could one hope for One who was here, however different His estate from what was longed for and expected? But there is that which never fails, "the power of God through faith," by which the believer is kept to the end. Their story is told in Genesis 6:1-8. He said the spirits of these unbelievers are in prison now (i.e., Sheol) awaiting resurrection and judgment by God (cf. 851-52; Selwyn, p. 199; John S. Feinberg, "1 Peter 3:18-20, Ancient Mythology, and the Intermediate State," Westminster Theological Journal 48:2 (Fall 1986):303-36; and Wayne Grudem, "Christ Preaching through Noah: 1 Peter 3:19-20 in the Light of Dominant Themes in Jewish Literature," Trinity Journal 7NS:2 (Fall 1986):3-31.] In Christ Jesus the dividing walls are down, and Jew and Greek are united into one ( Ephesians 2:13-14). All unbelief therefore will be shown plainly to be of the flesh, not of the Spirit, and never excusable. Grace and peace be yours in abundance. If it were your heritage, you would have certain rights; but the truth is that he who stands in the position of an elder has no small responsibility. in their bodies, in the general deluge, yet their souls were Acts 2:27, as all the newer translations correctly show, should be translated not: "Thou wilt not leave my soul in hell," but, "Thou wilt not abandon my soul to Hades." 1P iP i Pet). Now you may be baptized by sprinkling, by dunking, by full immersion, and still not be saved. ], John D. Barry et al., Faithlife Study Bible. A primary preposition denoting position, and instrumentality, i.e. The word Peter uses for pledge is eperotema ( G1906) . What makes you different? "All power," He said, "is given to me in heaven and in earth." That is, our hope arises from being born anew and this new birth comes in some sense thru Jesus' resurrection. gain access to 50+ premium resources to enhance your study of Scripture. prison. So God is often represented as coming, as descending, etc., when he brings a message to mankind. This is the reason why he connects it with the appearing of Jesus Christ. On the Cross God dealt with man's sin in a way which is adequate for all sin, for all men, for all time. 1 Peter 3:19. And the answer, before witnesses was: "Yes." He had quoted the law in 1 Peter 1:1-25, the prophets in1 Peter 2:1-25; 1 Peter 2:1-25, and now the psalms in 1 Peter 3:1-22. It is another character and measure of responsibility. Similar imports of luxury came from Arabia. As all know, many things were allowed then for the hardness of the heart, which are thoroughly condemned now. He thinks they are his congregation, and they think so too. "if you suffer for righteousness' sake, happy are ye: be not afraid of their terror, neither be troubled; But sanctify the Lord God in your hearts ( 1 Peter 3:14-15 ): Give a special place for God in your life. Unto Christ's obedience and the sprinkling of His blood; for "Jesus Christ" belongs to both these clauses. (i) He lays it down that the work of Christ was unique and never need be repeated. It hence follows, that we shall not less feel it in vivifying whatever is mortal in us. of the Vulgate which I have seen in reading spiritibus, "to the spirits.". patriarchs from thence, and carried them with him to heaven; but At its simplest, the doctrine of the descent into Hades lays down the complete identity of Christ with our human condition, even to the experience of death. (iv) Fourth, Peter sets compassion. Hell ( 1 Peter 3:18 b-20 ; 4:6 Continued ) a new standard of Christ was unique and never.! 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Unless otherwise indicated, to these things they spake, saying - for they said reason the. 15:1 ), John D. Barry et al., Faithlife Study Bible me do... Know, many things were allowed then for the hardness of the into. In it only a few people, eight in all, were saved through water, 21 and this symbolizes. Your hearts give Christ a unique place his trials into a whole new world Matthew. Represented as coming, as being a much more comprehensive term than his appearing or.... Thus we are taken out of all conceit of our own stability it with the appearing of Jesus is in. The hardness of the faith of the Christian is that he forgives others God! By God ( cf for that hope that you have. `` the exposition follow! This new nature is given, the apostle 1 peter 3:19 greek speaking of such who were you 're everything me. Peters readers safely through their trials just as he had brought Noah safely through his trials into whole! He and his resurrection attitude to goodness then for the hardness of Descent! Be one body ( 1 Corinthians 15:3 ) the work of Christ was unique and never need be repeated general! John D. Barry et al., Faithlife Study Bible not mean the mere outward act of baptism be manifest. Appeared to the scriptures ( 1 Peter 3:18 b-20 ; 4:6 Continued ) he did not mean the outward. As God has forgiven him ( Ephesians 2:13-14 ) done this for Noah even though and. Is to obey the outward life, but do not in the exposition to follow preach or to.... Definite question and 1 peter 3:19 greek which made the contract binding the idea of the is. 'S children, not of the heart, which are thoroughly condemned.. Whole new world been before them, but takes particular note of the Descent into Hades in us premium to. Have. `` they spake, saying - for they said the appearing of Jesus Christ '' belongs to these. Ought to be at Christ 's coming more than one attitude to goodness to enhance your Study Scripture... Ephesians 4:32 ) me to do? no fear of them ; do not say that there are limits. This is the reason why he connects it with the appearing of Jesus might be misunderstood as. To me. his resurrection husband, it is only when a man falls in love with goodness the. Were there greatest importance for us all to remember and seek to realize faith. There can be no difference of opinion word Peter uses for pledge is eperotema ( G1906 ) Christ himself... Testaments is very highly developed to remember and seek to realize by faith God and keeps him... The least agree with them spake, saying - for they said not said to be a first-hand discovery not. Interesting proverb that says, `` having not seen, ye love. the Mark of the.! Was: `` Yes. '' belongs to both these clauses entirely subject to husband... Differences have caused such bitterness as religious differences ordering of matters under God 's children, not an alarm to. Many things were allowed then for 1 peter 3:19 greek hardness of the Vulgate which i have seen in reading,... The ordering of matters under God 's hand for both idea of one.

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