Furthermore, it suggests that this is a reciprocal process whereby the concepts and processes apply equally to both persons who are communicating, irrespective of whether they have a disability. Each one hour recording sampled the student and keyworker in a variety of educational activities. Sociology Press. Sociology Press. The 25 minutes of videotaped observational data in this study detailed more than 1000 incidents comprising 36,000 data points. This constitutes the verbal-actual axis (Glaser, 2001) of both talk and behaviour. Video recording was integral to the research method and as such it is recommended as a mechanism for the investigation of interaction particularly in situations where the nature of the interaction is obscure. We invite you to submit your paper for consideration for the next issue of Grounded Theory Review, which is published in late December and June each year. The Grounded Theory Perspective: Conceptualization Contrasted with Description. The Grounded Theory Review 6 (2):1-22. The theory suggests that the process of attuning regulates communication. They require virtually total care in terms of assistance in activities of daily living (Cascella, 2005), they often have accompanying secondary disabilities such as epilepsy, physical disability or mental health difficulties (Nakken and Vlaskampf, 2007) and they do not use speech, but generally interact using non-verbal communications (Hogg et al., 2001). We would like to expand the open access database with more grounded theories that truly demonstrates the interdisciplinary potential of the classic grounded theory method. This view is reinforced by Heacock et al who comment on the capacity of video to allow fine-grained recording, they state that it is not unusual for an observer replaying a videotape to detect nuances in non verbal behaviour that an observer in the field setting missed (Heacock et al., 1996, p. 336). That view is an interpretation of the behavioural evidence. This had to be carried out in order to render as precise a written description of the data as possible. Wilder J. Grounded Theory: the Philosophy, Method and Work of Barney Glaser. The narrative data that was collected detailed the sequence of interactions. Mill Valley. In short, the density of the data was uncovered through the precise nature of the analysis. Furthermore, it appeared that these virtues would facilitate the emergence of an accurate understanding of the patterns of behaviour that were embedded in the data. The key issue then is that both the person with the intellectual disability and the person who does not have the disability are predisposed to mutually misinterpret each others communications. The database of the Grounded Theory Review now contains more than a hundred articles on classic grounded theoriesfrom either a methodological or a theoretical perspective. The consequence of my presence in the classroom setting was that I took the role of observer as participant (Speziale and Carpenter, 2007), which led to minimal participation in the action. As explained above, the videotape was analyzed by running it at normal speed, running it slowly and running it frame by frame, where each frame encompassed the action of 1/24th of a second. There are doubts as to whether the collection of audio recorded data facilitates the development of a grounded theory. As well as being non-verbal, people with this severe degree of disability have only a restricted capacity to communicate in any mode (Grove et al., 1999). Washington DC., American Psychiatric Association. New Perspectives in Early Communication Development. In all, over 200 memos were written. Journal of Advanced Nursing. Each weapon in the game has a fixed damage type, and cannot be changed. Features of Grounded Theory. Aldine DeGruyter. It seemed to me that such an assumption underpinned the identification of the main concern of the participants and how they resolved it. There is evidence that staff who work with people with PIMD frequently use complex language and plentiful verbal communications when interacting (Bradshaw, 2001). (Personal communication). The narrative was embedded in the transcription structure such that precise sequences of communication and interaction were clearly identifiable. Video recordings were made of three of these dyads, each of which consisted of one student with PIMD and one carer or teacher (who was the students keyworker). Such a situation leads to communication difficulties both for the person with PIMD and the people who do not have a disability but who may be related to the person with PIMD or may work to support them. This paper presents a method for the collection and analysis of qualitative data that is derived by observation and that may be used to generate a grounded theory. Each pair (dyad of staff and person with PIMD) was observed for one hour, engaged in activities such as playing games, singing stories, painting and participating in gross motor activities such as throwing a ball and walking. A check sheet of indicative behaviours was developed in order to orient the researcher to the types of behaviours that might be found. Hogg J, Reeves D, Roberts J and Mudford O.C. Creating a responsive environment for people with profound and multiple learning difficulties. Weak Points are unique areas on some creatures that deal critical damage when hit. Classic grounded theory (CGT) was chosen as the preferred method for the study because so little was known about the patterns of communication that were inherent in what the study participants did. When the reaction changed, the influence of different variables in the setting could be identified as the cause. In order to achieve this aim video recording was used. Sociology Press. The nature of people with such severe disabilities is that they cannot interact in an ordinarily recognised manner; they have little or no speech and their non-verbal behaviours tend to be idiosyncratic. American Psychiatric Association (2000). Dense data typically contains subtle communicative behaviour. (1993). Mill Valley. This took the group (the number of whom is not specified in the report) 18 months to analyze 7 hours of video. The theory of attuning offers a theoretical explanation of how people with severe or profound intellectual and multiple disability communicate with others. I was aware of this danger and took active steps to avoid it by appropriate application of the constant comparative method. The advantages of using video to record, and subsequently to document the action and interaction that was the subject of the study, were immense. They continue until they reach sample saturation, in which no new information upsets . Latvala E, Vuokila-Oikkonen P, Janhonen S. (2000). This difficulty is magnified for people with profound intellectual and multiple disability (PIMD), who are confronted with many challenges in living their daily lives. In Nadel J and Camaioni L, (Eds). These difficulties are functional in that they affect the way in which interaction occurs between people who do not have a disability (primarily staff and relatives) and those who do. This was achieved by running the video-tape at normal speed, running it slowly and running it frame by frame, where each frame encompassed 1/24th of a second of the action. However, video unveils this world of nuanced expressions and makes these communicative behaviours amenable to interpretation. The transcription of the videotapes was the most painstaking and slow phase of the data analysis. Brown Walker Press. Eye gaze changes quickly, at times up to three to four times per second. There are 6 different damage types in the game, but the sixth type, Generic, acts as a "neutral" type, with no creatures being weak nor resistant to it. A discussion of the arguments for and against video-taping in the context of the development of grounded theory is presented and finally the strengths and weakness of the method are considered. There were two limitations in this study to the use of video. Thus, grounded theory avoids preconceived assumptions, offering a more neutral view of understanding human action in a social context (Simmons, 2006). In brief, the theory suggests that all communication takes place in a setting (the place where the dyad is located), which influences the state of mind of the people in it (their being). Glaser B (2005). Videotaped recording as a method off participant observation in psychiatric nursing research. London. Table 1. Trinity College, Dublin. Some weak points are only vulnerable to certain damage types, such as eye weak points being vulnerable to only Stabbing damage. The aim of this paper is to describe the method that was used in the study. It was interesting to note that a repeated behaviour of one individual in many cases elicited different reactions from others depending on whom that individual was interacting with. In undertaking this study, I took as the starting point Watzlawick et al.s (1967) statement that observation of non-verbal behaviours has been shown to offer a powerful insight into the meaning that people place on an interaction. Such challenges centre around how to comprehend the world that they live in. Some weapons come pre-augmented, such as the Mint Mace, Salt Morning Star, Spicy Coaltana, and . (2001). David Fulton. Subjects, data and videotapes. Issues in the analysis of data in the form of videotapes. However, a sense that the solution to the problem lay in the detail was a starting point in seeking answers to the research question. The application by one person of attention to the stimulus of the other is not inevitable, but if it does occur, it will affect how the person acts and if they become engaged (communicate) or not. The problem is that the accurate ascription of meaning to anothers interaction is difficult for both parties. The paper concludes by suggesting that using classic grounded theory to analyze qualitative data that is collected using video offers a method that has the potential to uncover and explain patterns of non-verbal interactions that were not previously evident. This begged the question: Did my presence affect the action that was taking place? Players can take advantage of creatures' elemental weaknesses by imbuing weapons with Damage Augments at the Smithing Station using various elemental globs and jewels. Micro-incidents may be regarded as constituting an important data source for the generation of theory because ultimately, an understanding of what is going on in the data is derived from constant comparison of micro-incidents, rather than macro-situations (Glaser, 1998). Qualitative Research In Nursing. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 4:48-66. Philadelphia. Such minute changes in behaviours are virtually impossible to identify without using video (Nilsson, 2012). Nakken H. and Vlaskamp C. (2007). On a few occasions I interacted with the participants in order to maintain the relationship which had been established prior to and during the data-gathering period. Nilsson emphasises the utility of thorough transcriptions of micro-events, which enables the researcher to become aware of the small details, changes and deviations in the action on the video recording (Nilsson, 2012, p. 110). Speziale H. and Carpenter D. (2007). Consistency, context and confidence in judgments of affective communication in adults with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities. (1991). There is a danger in over reliance on descriptive data because the data may dominate the findings to the point that an accurate description of what happened emerges rather than a conceptual theory. The early memos detailed the properties of the codes, but as time went by, the memos indicated how codes should be sorted and tentatively named the categories (concepts) to which they belonged. Understanding how people communicate is difficult both for those who have the experience of an intellectual disability and for those who attempt to communicate with them (Caldwell 2007). He or she may offer a stimulus to the other person in the dyad, to which the other may attend and then action may follow. Glaser B. The fieldwork for the study took place in a school for adolescents and young adults with PIMD in Ireland. Nursing Research 45(6):336-338. Such lengthy data analysis is not untypical. This paper has considered how grounded theory may be utilized as a mechanism for the analysis of observational qualitative data that is derived from videotaped interactions. Lippincott. Tizard Learning Disability Review. (2001). In order to achieve these goals, I sought to make a detailed description of observed communications and behaviours of both the person with a profound intellectual and multiple disability and his or her keyworker. Three dyads composed of a student/teacher or carer and a person with a severe or profound intellectual disability were observed in a variety of different activities that took place in a school. The nature of the qualitative micro data that was captured is described and the fit between such data and classic grounded theory is discussed. The outcome of the study was that a theory of attuning emerged to explain the interactional process (Griffiths, 2010). ISSN: 1556-1550. Ware J (2003). A good example of dense data is a sequential analysis of shifting eye gaze patterns between two people. Cambridge. The constant comparison process not only generated codes that changed as the data analysis continued, but it also generated memos. Video offered a possibility of examining these behaviours and those of the non-disabled partner in detail, with the consequence that the grounded theoretical analysis made it possible to identify the main concern of the participants. (2005). Mill Valley. For example, people with such severe degrees of disability may do things slowly, pause unexpectedly or indeed produce very few behaviours (Ware, 2003), making understanding of the significance of their behaviours problematic. It is said that data for a grounded theory research project should be obtained through using the best technique available to obtain the information that is desired (Glaser Strauss, 1967). The answer to that question can only be a subjective one, which was: not very much. Theoretical Sensitivity. The all is data perspective requires many incidents to compare and saturate categories (Glaser, 2001). Grounded theory offers the researcher the benefit of approaching a study without predetermined ideas of what he/she will find in relation to the social phenomena under investigation. These may initially be inaccurate, however grounded theory has the capacity to correct inaccuracies, as the inherent patterns will inevitably emerge as data saturation is approached. See what I mean: interpreting the meaning of communications by people with severe and profound intellectual disabilities. Interactional data can be derived from interviews or alternatively from observation. Do you have data that could be resorted and further developed into a new grounded theory? The persons state of mind influences how the person behaves. The theory of attuning has seven concepts: setting, being, stimulus, attention, action, engagement and the core category of attuning. Players can take advantage of creatures' elemental weaknesses by imbuing weapons with Damage Augments at the Smithing Station using various elemental globs and jewels. Using video methods in grounded theory research. On paradigms and methods: what do you do when the ones you know dont do what you want them to? Grounded Wiki is a FANDOM Games Community. Communication Disorders Quarterly. Micro-incidents are the bedrock data that generated the categories which form the basis of the theory. The quality most clearly demonstrated by the analytic process was its precision. From Isolation to Intimacy, Making Friends without Words. Given that interaction is dyadic and may be viewed as a continuous process of social coordination (Fogel, 1993), the main concern of both the person with PIMD and the non disabled person is to understand the nature of this continuous communication process in order to communicate effectively with the other person. The effect of the multiple difficulties that people with profound intellectual and multiple disability are confronted with is that they have to deal with a world where they receive restricted sensory inputs which they must interpret through the prism of a limited cognitive ability. In considering whether such doubts apply to the use of video recorded data, Nilsson (2012) reports that Glaser acknowledges that the use of video is the only method that is sufficiently sensitive to be capable of capturing micro-communications and that for research participants who are non-verbal and therefore communicate by means of macro and micro non-verbal communications, there is no other method of collecting original information explaining what was happening in their field of interest (Nilsson, 2012, p. 107), that is, baseline data. However, functionally, the primary practical concern that they have is how to communicate with a complex and at times forbidding world. Please submit your paper no later than April 1 for the June edition and September 15 for the December edition. Thus, detailed analysis demonstrated the interdependence of each person in the communication process. (2001). Schonfeld A.H. (1992). Following the 50th anniversary wish of GTs co-founder Dr. Barney Glaser, we would like to see a conglomerate of new grounded theories that span a wide array of disciplines and topics and that demonstrate general applicability and conceptual strengths in diverse social contexts. Video recordings were made of the verbal and non-verbal interactions of people with severe and complex disabilities and the staff who work with them. The increasing sophistication of the memos was in many ways the key to the process and it enabled an understanding of how a minutely detailed micro-communication such as a glance from one person to another might form part of a macro-theory which explains how the attention process (of which eye gaze is one small part) operates. However, staff must interpret what they understand of the communications of the person with intellectual disability so that they can act as advocates and facilitators for them (Grove et al., 1999). It seemed to this researcher that the virtue of grounded theory was its ability to accept all forms of data and also its neutrality in terms of its approach to the data. Detailed descriptions of every action, pose, posture, movement, gesture and vocalisation of the participants were made. Observation through the use of videotaping produced a detailed recording of micro-incidents. All is data. 12:190-203. At the same time, the reliance on detailed baseline data meant that the patterns of behaviour that were being identified were patterns of very small behaviours, behaviours that might ordinarily remain unobserved. Doing Grounded Theory. Interpreted data and vaguing out are the least accurate data form. Attuning therefore describes the nature of the continuous process of communication, the understanding of which is the main concern of the participants in the study. To sum up this section, video enables data to be collected that is permanently on record, that can be very complex or dense and that can be analyzed precisely in fine detail. In view of the fact that these micro-communications were predominantly gestures, marginal vocalisations, alterations of eye gaze and inflections of body parts, behaviours which are easily missed or at least not consciously registered in real interaction, the use of video constituted a way of seeing what had not been seen before. Fogel A. Elemental Weaknesses and Resistances are primary factors that can affect the damage a specific weapon deals to a certain creature. Heritage J. 26:156-162. Because grounded theory research is collection method neutral (Glaser, 2007, p. 20), as a research method, it can conceptualise any form of data. Glaser B (2007). Grounded theory is not concerned with describing the data but with identifying the patterns that are inherent in the data. Equally, persons with profound intellectual and multiple disability interpret and react to staff behaviours and communications. This can induce the Hawthorne effect (Heacock et al., 1996), which suggests that the presence of the researcher affects the people being observed (Polit and Hungler, 1999) and therefore the observed behaviours are changed because an observer is seen to be watching. Philadelphia. However, as the interaction was analyzed 24 times per second, the precise record of how a persons gaze shifted from one focus to another was identifiable, as was the movement of the persons attention from one stimulus to another and the resulting changes in eye gaze and other interactions of the second person in the dyad.
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