532 BIOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PR8 INFLUENZA VIRUS this study they observed that the infectious principles of the A and B strains have filtration end-points of 163 and 180 m#, respectively, indicating that the infectious particles have diameters within the range 80 to 135 m/~ (8). Morphologial and structural analysis of influenza virus PR8 strain at pH 5.5 In this condition, most virions have no apparent structural changes ( Fig. J Exp Med. Sixteen hemagglutinin subtypes are associated with wild waterfowl hosts; some subtypes are isolated infrequently, one of which is H12 IAV. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The virus particles floated in a sugar solution with a density of 1.18. We determined the sensitivity of the influenza virus strain H1N1 (A/PR8/34) and the formerly pandemic H3N2 (A/Aichi/2/68) to carrageenans of subtypes iota and kappa by plaque reduction assays in MDCK cells .The results are summarized in Table 1.The two carrageenan types inhibited plaque formation of both viruses . Fig. PMC The production of influenza virus vaccines relies on reassortment , which requires coinfection of cells with a circulating wild-type strain that provides the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) segments and either A/PR/8/34 (PR8) virus (an attenuated human virus that provides high-growth properties in eggs) or a live attenuated virus that . These types of effects would disrupt the ordered lipid rafts ( 32, 33) and leaflet asymmetry ( 34) in influenza viral envelopes. 1944 Mar 1;79(3):285-90 1944 Dec 1;80(6):549-59. doi: 10.1084/jem.80.6.549. A SEDIMENTABLE COMPONENT OF ALLANTOIC FLUID AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO INFLUENZA VIRUSES. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. The spreading of the boundary during sedimentation was shown to be represented by a standard deviation of the sedimentation rate equal to 8 per cent of the mean. The variation of sedimentation rate with concentration was shown to be due entirely to the variation of solution viscosity with concentration. The viscosity of the virus preparations can be explained as being due in great part to the presence of the slower sedimenting contaminating components which possess a very high intrinsic viscosity. -, J Exp Med. and transmitted securely. Before 1944 Feb 1;79(2):197-203 The .gov means its official. government site. 8600 Rockville Pike It was antigenically different from the influenza A (PR8) virus, but had the same properties in terms of culture in eggs. Before For requests to be unblocked, you must include all of the information in the box above in your message. SARS-CoV-2 Genome Assembly and Annotation. Upload and analyze your data in the private workspace. The current seasonal and pre-pandemic vaccine viruses are generated either by classical reassortment or reverse genetics. By contrast with SP-D, human SP-A also has considerable HA inhibitory activity for PR8 (Hartshorn, manuscript submitted). For additional information, or to request that your IP address be unblocked, please send an email to PMC. -, Science. cH5/1 PR8 N3 virus or Cal/09 N3 virus (100 PFU) was . The site is secure. . It is estimated that such hydrated virus particles are about 100 m in diameter. The present disclosure provides small hairpin nucleic acid molecules capable of stimulating interferon production. Journal Archive Collections Pearls Reviews Opinions Editorials Find and Read Articles Publish Submissions Getting Started Submission Guidelines Figures Tables Data Sharing Support Supporting Information LaTeX Other Article Types Preprints Revising Your Manuscript Submit Now Policies Best Practices Research. Influenza viruses cause annual influenza epidemics and occasional pandemics, which pose a significant threat to public health worldwide. The new BV-BRC system is built on the PATRIC system. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted J Gen Virol. As a result, all infected mice died within 9 days postinfection. Register or Login to get started. These host antigens appeared not to be closely associated with the hemagglutinin or neuraminidase spikes, since virus from which essentially all of these structures were removed formed substantial precipitates with antiserum to host material. Viral data and analysis tools and services from IRD/ViPR have now been integrated into the resource. First, the density of the spike proteins has become blurred in some localized areas of the envelope. -, J Exp Med. Mice were inoculated intranasally with non-lung-adapted influenza viruses of subtype H1N1pdm09. 8600 Rockville Pike The polymer exhibited virus-inhibiting properties with an IC 50 = 1 g/mL and a selectivity index of 302. 1944 Mar 1;79(3):267-83. doi: 10.1084/jem.79.3.267. ; Contact Us Have a question, idea, or some feedback? J Exp Med. 1938 Sep 30;68(4):607-27 The new BV-BRC system is built on the PATRIC Bacterial BRC system and incorporates data and tools from IRD and ViPR. The sedimentation rate was found to vary inversely with the concentration of virus. Careers. The site is secure. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal FOIA Influenza A virus replication cycle The RNA segments of the viral genome have complementary base sequences at the terminal ends, allowing them to bond to each other with hydrogen bonds. 75N93019C00076, awarded to the University of Chicago. Addresses across the entire subnet were used to download content in bulk, in violation of the terms of the PMC Copyright Notice. Figure 2. Epub 2015 Jan 19. More than a million books are available now via BitTorrent. If you have questions or need assistance, please contact us at help@bv-brc.org. Try another strain of virus in parallel, but not a recent H3N2 or pdm2009 for. An official website of the United States government. Sedimentation studies in sucrose solutions of varying densities showed a non-linear dependence of sedimentation rate upon solvent density, indicating that the density in solution increases with increasing sugar concentration. CENTRIFUGATION AND ULTRAFILTRATION STUDIES ON ALLANTOIC FLUID PREPARATIONS OF INFLUENZA VIRUS. J Exp Med 1 December 1944; 80 (6): 531548. The IP address used for your Internet connection is part of a subnet that has been blocked from access to PubMed Central. The immunogenicity in mice of virus that had been exposed to A. niger extract appeared to be very broad, since vaccination of mice with such material gave protection against challenge with strains of influenza A virus representing all major serotypes as well as one type B influenza virus. PR8 influenza virus Nasal immunization 1. . From the Department of Animal and Plant Pathology of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Princeton, New Jersey. and transmitted securely. Europe PMC is an archive of life sciences journal literature. All web traffic from the IRD and ViPR resources is also being forwarded to the BV-BRC home page. We want to hear from you. -. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. [26] Type I interferon regulates proteolysis by macrophages to prevent immunopathology following viral infection After purification by density gradient procedures, the virus preparations were tested for the presence of host antigens with . National Library of Medicine THE SEDIMENTATION RATE OF THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF INFLUENZA A VIRUS. we address these issues by examining the differential properties of HA head and stalk-binding . The extrapolated value for one preparation was 722 Svedberg units and the value for another preparation was 658 units. The average particle diameter of the anhydrous PR8 virus particle was calculated from sedimentation and specific volume data to be about 80 mmicro. An official website of the United States government. CiteSeerX - Document Details (Isaac Councill, Lee Giles, Pradeep Teregowda): During the past decade several studies on the physical properties of various strains of influenza virus have been reported. The biophysical properties of several preparations of PR8 influenza virus have been studied. J Exp Med. Influenza virus fusion events can be illustrated by a shift in the fluorescence color of virus particles. Careers. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the genome sequences of . 1943 Dec 31;98(2557):587-9 Prophylactic intranasal administration of the polymer in a murine model of influenza pneumonia completely prevented the virus-induced death of animals, whereas the level of mortality in the placebo group was 90%. After purification by density gradient procedures, the virus preparations were tested for the presence of host antigens with antisera to appropriate host materials. Influenza vaccine manufacturers require antigenically relevant vaccine viruses that have good manufacturing properties and are safe to use. The PR8 strain of influenza A virus was grown in canine kidney cell cultures and in chick and duck embryos. (PR8), a variant with very different properties, and chimeric proteins between two, we identified amino acids 68-71 have important roles in protein stability, subcellular . One of the important lessons learned from the 2009 H1N1 pandemic is that a high yield influenza vaccine virus is essential for efficient and timely production of pandemic vaccines in eggs. Furthermore, the Lee virus was much less stable in dilute solution in phosphate buffer, even under optimum conditions of pH, than either the PR8 or swine strains. Evidence is also reported which suggests that cellular actin is an integral component of highly purified PR8 virions, though probably unrelated to host antigen. Lung virus titers in the lungs of PR8 infected mice treated with Andro, CL-385319 or both (10 mg/kg). Mice were intranasally infected with influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) virus, and their lungs were examined both macro- and micro-pathologically every 2 days. J Exp Med. The viscosity of the virus preparations can be explained as being due in great part to the presence of the slower sedimenting contaminating components which possess a very high intrinsic viscosity. A more slowly sedimenting component was observed with the ultracentrifuge in the highest concentrations of several of the preparations. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The extrapolated value for one preparation was 722 Svedberg units and the value for another preparation was 658 units. Inactivated influenza vaccines are manufactured from reassortant viruses obtained by transferring the HA and NA genes with the desired antigenic properties into a high-growth strain such as PR8 ( 33 ). Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. PMC We used PR8 virus as our model virus to address this question. The average particle diameter of the anhydrous PR8 virus particle was calculated from sedimentation and specific volume data to be about 80 m. The virus particles floated in a sugar solution with a density of 1.18. 1989 Apr;63(4):1704-14. doi: 10.1128/JVI.63.4.1704-1714.1989. Before This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Influenza A virus (H1N1) strain A/PR/8/34 is propagated in SPF chicken embryonated eggs. Virus Res. The specific volume was determined with a pycnometer to be 0.79. Viral load - influenza virus titres in lung homogenates, nasal washes or BAL. Electron micrographs showed slightly irregular, circular particles with an average diameter of 115 mmicro and a standard deviation of the distribution of diameters of 15 per cent. and transmitted securely. FOIA . Proposed mechanism of influenza virus inactivation by N, N -dodecyl,methyl-PEI coatings. The specific volume was determined with a pycnometer to be 0.79. Interleukin-7R in the regulation of lymphoid anti-viral responses and homeostasis The discrepancy between this value and that obtained from the electron micrographs, the greater size distribution from the electron micrographs, the slight irregularities in some of the particles as observed in the electron micrographs, the behavior of the sedimentation process in sucrose solutions of different densities, and the inactivation of the virus by withdrawal of electrolytes can all be explained in a straightforward manner if it is assumed that the virus particles in solution contain, in addition to the constituents shown by chemical analysis, about 60 per cent by weight of water. 1944 Dec 1;80(6):549-59 Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Both approaches utilize a high growth virus, generally A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (PR8), as . Electron micrographs showed slightly irregular, circular particles with an average diameter of 115 m and a standard deviation of the distribution of diameters of 15 per cent. @article{Bateman1956TheEP, title={The electrophoretic properties of red blood cells after reaction with influenza virus hemagglutinin. DOI: 10.1159/000149228 Abstract The PR8 strain of influenza A virus was grown in canine kidney cell cultures and in chick and duck embryos. PRECIPITIN REACTIONS OF HIGHLY PURIFIED INFLUENZA VIRUSES AND RELATED MATERIALS. Bradshaw GL, Schlesinger RW, Schwartz CD. The PR8 strain of influenza A virus was grown in canine kidney cell cultures and in chick and duck embryos. Bookshelf strain of human influenza and the Shope strain of swine influenza virus. Your email has not been verified. J Exp Med. It is estimated that such hydrated virus particles are about 100 mmicro in diameter. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! My Research and Language Selection Sign into My Research Create My Research Account English; Help and support. The (re)emergence of new influenza viruses or SARS-CoV-2 variants, confirms that we are in front of recurrent and unpredictable risk of epidemics and pandemic. Our non-RG Cambridge lineage PR8 is a much worse plaque former than the RG clone we got from Ron Fouchier. Influenza A virus (IAV) is widespread in wild bird reservoirs. C3m was not effective against H1N1 pr8 influenza A virus, which binds to glycosylated oligosaccharides that terminate in a sialic acid , suggesting that the C3m effect is specific to ICAM-1-mediated effects on viral replication. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Click here to visit your profile and update your email address and/or resend the verification message. This product is whole-genome sequenced and has applications in influenza research. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Accessibility This corresponds to a distribution of diameters with a standard deviation of 4 per cent of the mean. The specific volume was determined with a pycnometer to be 0.79. . The PR8 virus strain is a laboratory reference strain for influenza study and the CPE induced by PR8 is representative to most influenza viruses. This drug-induced variant (DIV) has the following properties: 1. Welcome to the Bacterial and Viral Bioinformatics Resource Center (BV-BRC), an information system designed to support research on bacterial and viral infectious diseases. The variation of sedimentation rate with concentration was shown to be due entirely to the variation of solution viscosity with concentration. 8600 Rockville Pike Apigenin suppresses influenza A virus-induced RIG-I activation and viral replication Flavonoid apigenin is low toxicity and few favorable bioactivities, including anti-tumor properties, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activity and antiviral. The following materials are designed to aid IRD and ViPR users in using BV-BRC. The discrepancy between this value and that obtained from the electron micrographs, the greater size distribution from the electron micrographs, the slight irregularities in some of the particles as observed in the electron micrographs, the behavior of the sedimentation process in sucrose solutions of different densities, and the inactivation of the virus by withdrawal of electrolytes can all be explained in a straightforward manner if it is assumed that the virus particles in solution contain, in addition to the constituents shown by chemical analysis, about 60 per cent by weight of water. The nucleic acid molecules of the present disclosure has a double-stranded section of less than 19 base pairs and at least one blunt end. LAUFFER, M.A., Biophysical properties of preparations of PR8 influenza virus, JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE 80: 531 (1944). government site. 1992 May;73 ( Pt 5):1159-65. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-73-5-1159. Sedimentation studies in sucrose solutions of varying densities showed a non-linear dependence of sedimentation rate upon solvent density, indicating that the density in solution increases with increasing sugar concentration. Download Citation | On May 16, 2011, Robert L. Atmar and others published Influenza Viruses | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Summary Certain biological properties of an influenza A virus variant, obtained in vivo from the lung tissue of mice infected with A-PR 8 influenza virus and treated with Xenalamine, have been studied. Iota-carrageenan inhibits influenza virus-induced plaque formation on MDCK cells. the h5 seed virus (re-8) contains the ha and na genes from the clade 2.3.4.4 virus a/chicken/guizhou/4/2013 (h5n1) and its six internal genes from the high-growth a/puerto rico/8/1934 (h1n1) (pr8) virus and has been used in china since 2015 [ 7, 10 ], and the h7 seed virus (h7-re1) is a reassortant bearing the ha and na genes of the h7n9 low PubMed:17296744: NA: Influenza A_N1_antiviral-response_295(1)_N275S_Resistance to . To identify Ab-dependent properties and serum components that contributed to enhancement of Ab activity, we screened a large panel of HA-specific MAbs for hemagglutination inhibition (HI) in the presence of noninactivated serum from naive mice (NMS). However, reassortants with H5-derived HA with a polybasic cleavage site are potentially hazardous for animal health. weight 33000. combination vaccinescombination vaccines .. .. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine The biophysical properties of several preparations of PR8 influenza virus have been studied. Dear IRD and ViPR users, welcome to BV-BRC. . For example, infection of mice with the pathogenic PR8 strain of influenza virus (A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 [H1N1]) at a sublethal dose results in spread of the virus to the heart and replication to low levels ( 9, 10 ), but the resulting myocarditis is mild and resolves quickly as the virus is cleared ( 9 ). B/Lee is an influenza virus type B strain. The intrinsic viscosities, calculated on the basis of concentrations expressed as grams per cubic centimeter, of several highly purified preparations were determined to be between 11.3 and 16.5. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help All PR8 preparations were shown to have serologically detectable host components. Max A. Lauffer, W. M. Stanley; BIOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PREPARATIONS OF PR8 INFLUENZA VIRUS . La Biblioteca Virtual en Salud es una coleccin de fuentes de informacin cientfica y tcnica en salud organizada y almacenada en formato electrnico en la Regin de Amrica Latina y el Caribe, accesible de forma universal en Internet de modo compatible con las bases internacionales. Electron micrographs showed slightly irregular, circular particles with an average diameter of 115 mmicro and a standard deviation of the distribution of diameters of 15 per cent. Peer-reviewed Research Article Antibodies with 'Original Antigenic Sin' Properties Are Valuable Components of Secondary Immune Responses to Influenza Viruses Susanne L. Linderman, AffiliationsDepartment of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, 5. The PR8 strain of influenza A virus was grown in canine kidney cell cultures and in chick and duck embryos. N.Y.) and is referred to as PR8. [Identification of the antigenic components of the host cell in isolated glycoproteins of the influenza virus]. The density in the absence of sucrose was estimated to be about 1.1. -, J Exp Med. Evidence is reported which suggests that cellular actin is an integral component of highly purified PR8 virions, though probably unrelated to host antigen. These viruses often spill over to poultry and some can subsequently be transmitted to h. Full article: Emergence of chicken infection with novel reassortant H3N8 avian influenza viruses genetically close to human H3N8 isolate, China Viral antigens and impurities in influenza vaccines. Mice were also treated with mAb RB6-8C5 (anti-Ly6C/G or anti-Gr-1), a mAb widely used to investigate the role of . Conformational changes in myosin and heavy meromyosin from chicken gizzard associated with phosphorylation. Lung-adapted PR8 virus was used as a control. Bookshelf PLOS Pathogens publishes Open Access research and commentary that significantly advance the understanding of pathogens and how they interact with host organisms.. Get Started Accessibility HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help MeSH Segment 8 encodes two distinct non-structural proteins (NS1 and NEP) by using different reading frames from the same RNA segment. Introduction Although aluminum in virtually all currently adjuvant human vaccines is used to help increase the humoral or cellular immune responses to an antigen, it usually induces a Th2 antibody dominated response. The virus was shown not to lose infectivity very rapidly in sucrose solutions. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help A combination of high-yield mutations from these screens led to a PR8 backbone that improved the titres of H1N1, H3N2, H5N1 and H7N9 vaccine viruses in African green monkey kidney and. Neutrophils have been implicated in both protective and pathological responses following influenza virus infections. We also evaluated general condition, survival rate, body weight, viral loads in lung, and surfactant proteins in serum. Data are presented as mean clinical scores SEM (n=10). Find diseases associated with this biological target and compounds tested against it in bioassay experiments. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. 1944 Dec 1;80(6):507-20. doi: 10.1084/jem.80.6.507. Rovnova ZI, Isaeva EI, Platonova AL, Rogacheva TA. The biophysical properties of several preparations of PR8 influenza virus have been studied. Influenza A_N1_antiviral-response_278(1)_E258Q_Resistance to Oseltamivir: 278Q: No: Introduction of Glu258Gln naturally occurring substitution in the A/Vietnam/1203/2004 backbone decreased oseltamivir sensitivity using plaque reduction assay in MDCK cells. Since 2018, Korea has been building an avian influenza (AI) national antigen bank for emergency preparedness; this antigen bank is updated every 2 years. The density in the absence of sucrose was estimated to be about 1.1. Please contact us if you have any questions or issues. Taxonomy information for Influenza A virus (A/Puerto Rico/8/1934(H1N1)). After purification by density gradient procedures, the virus preparations were tested for the presence of host antigens with antisera to appropriate host materials. In certain embodiments, the molecule comprises at least one 5-triphosphate and/or at least one 5-diphosphate. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine The inhibitory activity for several strains, including PR8, is not inhibited by EDTA or by sugars expected to block collectin activity. The invention relates to a nucleic acid construct encoding at least three RNA molecules comprising a double-stranded region, wherein the RNA molecules reduce influenza A virus replication in an animal cell and/or reduce production of infectious influenza A virus particles in an animal cell and/or reduce the expression of an influenza A virus polypeptide in an influenza A virus infected animal . ( A) An influenza viral particle diffuses to the polycation-coated surface from solution and ( B) adheres to it. In the severe influenza model group (500 PFU), 3 of. These two strains were used to infect human 293T cells as a representative human cell line and A549 cells (human lung epithelial cell line) as a more physiologically relevant cell line ( Geiss et al., 2002; Temperton et al., 2007 ). The .gov means its official. To examine that our model can recognize influenza CPE induced by different influenza virus strains, we collected about 120 image of MDCK cells infected by pandemic H1N1/09, H3N2, and influenza B at 16 . doi: https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.80.6.531. The .gov means its official. Would you like email updates of new search results? J Exp Med. Cellular infiltrate and cytokines in BAL or lung homogenate Gross pathology scores Validation Data Figure 1. The virus was shown not to lose infectivity very rapidly in sucrose solutions. J Exp Med. Recent study reveals broad-spectrum antiviral properties of Andro . Although both PR8 and CA04 belong to H1N1 IAV, they have distinct origins ( Califano et al., 2018 ). government site. Product category Viruses Product type By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to, CENTRIFUGATION AND ULTRAFILTRATION STUDIES ON ALLANTOIC FLUID PREPARATIONS OF INFLUENZA VIRUS, THE PREPARATION OF HIGHLY PURIFIED PR8 INFLUENZA VIRUS FROM INFECTED MOUSE LUNGS, ELECTROPHORETIC STUDIES ON PR8 INFLUENZA VIRUS. concentrated and purified from infectious allantoic fluids by means of one or two cycles of differential centrifugation and inactivated by different treatments have been prepared and subjected to laboratory tests. Influenza A virus PB1-F2, encoding a multi-functional protein, is regarded as a virulent gene. This virus was named Influenza B and the inactivated. Careers. During the course of searching for antiviral agents from Chinese medicinal herbs, we found that the supercritical fluid extract (SFE) of Centipeda minima possessed good in vitro antiviral activity . DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(56)90441-6 Corpus ID: 41895502; The electrophoretic properties of red blood cells after reaction with influenza virus hemagglutinin. We have used mAb 1A8 (anti-Ly6G) to specifically deplete LyG6high neutrophils and induce neutropenia in mice infected with virus strains known to differ in virulence. Effects of cell differentiation on replication of A/WS/33, WSN, and A/PR/8/34 influenza viruses in mouse brain cell cultures: biological and immunological characterization of products. The BV-BRC combines the data and tools from the Legacy BRC resources: PATRIC, the bacterial BRC, and IRD and ViPR, the viral BRCs. Influenza virus infection potently induces expression of both pro- and anti-inflammatory genes in vivo that contribute to the inflammatory response . Please refer to this Quick Start Guide to learn how to start using BV-BRC. Electron micrographs showed slightly irregular, circular particles with an average diameter of 115 m and a standard deviation of the distribution of diameters of 15 per cent. 1944 Dec 1;80(6):521-9. doi: 10.1084/jem.80.6.521. A more slowly sedimenting component was observed with the ultracentrifuge in the highest concentrations of several of the preparations. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the 1944 Mar 1;79(3):301-17. doi: 10.1084/jem.79.3.301. 2 a). They were monitored closely for body weight loss, mortality outcomes and gross pathology for 14 days following inoculation, as well as viral replication in lung tissue. Preparation of inactivated influenza vaccines is conventionally achieved by exposure of cell- or egg-derived live virus to beta-propiolactone (BPL) or formaldehyde (FA). Support Center Find answers to questions about products, access, use, setup, and administration. Influenza virus . MeClelland, L., Canadian Public Health Journal 32: 530 (1941). Clinical scores following infection with PR8 (H1N1 influenza). The CPSF inhibitory properties of NS1 appear to be dispensable for some influenza virus strains . If you are transitioning from PATRIC or IRD/ViPR, please refer to the Quick Start Guide to learn how to get started with BV-BRC. Search for other works by this author on: Copyright, 1944, by The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research New York, This site uses cookies. Seasonal influenza infection is associated with 200,000-500,000 deaths each year, particularly in young children, immunocompromised patients and the elderly. Mortality rates typically increase further during . Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Modification du fond gntique PR8 pour l'optimisation qualitative et . The specific volume was determined with a pycnometer to be 0.79. Use of PMC is free, but must comply with the terms of the Copyright Notice on the PMC site.
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