https://www.stjornarradid.is/media/innanrikisraduneyti-media/media/frettir-2014/logreglan.pdf. While the nature of the 2016 project prevented a more broad survey, as that conducted in 2010, it provided an excellent opportunity to exchange and discuss valuable information with authorities in regards to developments in volcanic emergency response strategies on the back of learnings from the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions and our survey data. Farming has traditionally been the main livelihood in Icelands South region. Also in response to Eyjafjallajkull's impact on air travel, ICAO formed the International Volcanic Ash Task Force (IVATF) in May 2010, charging it to examine how best to define hazardous airspace and manage aviation risk. People living within a 20 km zone . Ascending the volcano. The officials interviewed in 2016 were extremely positive about their relationship with local residents and the trust that residents have in them and the volcanic response plans. Specific livelihood details are not available by municipality, i.e., Statistics Iceland only provides aggregated data from the capital region and outside the capital region. She was a little more anxious. Its all going very well in a way but its a huge change because the tourists have multiplied - there are a lot more tourists here than there used to be three years ago. This greater complexity will inevitably create greater challenges for the local police and DCPEM. The lack of resources was also noted as an impeding factor in the South region. Due to the small population size, a census style sampling method was undertaken. Jan 8, 2023 6:01 pm (GMT +0) (Jan 8, 2023 18:01 GMT) 3.3. All interviewees and respondents are graciously thanked for their willingness to participate in this study. The calls are increasing. -Rescue coordinators- well equipped for event and knowledgable. volume4, Articlenumber:151 (2018) We believed the scientists when they said Eyjafjallajkull was lazy. Long-term responses to Mount Pinatubo's eruption saw the rebuilding of houses, villages, roads, bridges, and other damaged infrastructure. The results section is presented under the three subsections: 2010 Eyjafjallajkull survey, 2016 interviews and the changing demographics of South Iceland. and JavaScript. As cloud-based software, Survey Monkey ensures greater access across our research team to the questionnaire and its data for use in future projects, reduces the risk of errors during data entry (when compared for example to manually entering coding into Excel) and allows an easy visualisation for crosschecking each entry to ensure accuracy. But still I say the evacuation was necessary because I think what makes everything so easy and organised and good is people obey the authorities. Tephra fallout and flood inundation data derived from Gudmundsson et al., (2012) and orkelsson (2012). This is the ninth video for the AQA GCSE 9-1 Geography course, and the ninth video of the Cha. These figures, however, should be treated with caution. I found it safer to be at a place where many of my countrymen were also (A-E). In: Rodrguez H, Quarantelli EL, Dynes RR (eds) Handbook of disaster research. Based on what we. Enzyme Time, South-West Iceland's Been Hit by 17,000 Earthquakes This Week. I said [at the pre-eruption meetings] that you have some safe areas but they are also isolated. . We were though temporarily isolated because the road connection broke. The central volcanoes along the off-rift volcanic zones in Iceland were the source of at least 19 eruptions of dominant alkali rhyolitic composition, with three distinct episodes recorded at 4.6 . Lava fountain and lava flows from the Holuhraun fissure eruption on Iceland, Sep 2014 (Bardarbunga volcano) (Photo: Lukas Gawenda) Multiple lava fountain from the Holuhraun fissure eruption . Accessed 15 Oct 2018, Danielsson J (2009) The first casualty of the crisis: Iceland. More specifically: Households in Vestur-Eyjafjll were required to evacuate due to jkulhlaup hazard during the flank and summit eruptions in Eyjafjallajkull. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/phases-disaster-recovery-emergency-response-long-term. 1). I was concerned about the horses I found it terrifying and I feared that the ash would [continue to increase in quantity] (). I would like to see more emphasis on this, like volcanic activity, geothermal, everything geography in Iceland because were having the tourists now [But] we have our children who are not finding out about those things. Before the financial crash in 2008, Iceland had become too expensive for many visitorsevidenced by a somewhat steady decline in employment numbers within the tourism industry outside the capital region from 2000 (Fig. This paper draws on these learnings to consider future response to an evacuation order with respect to a regions recent experience of responding to evacuation orders. In the wake of the 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano, scientists are developing infrared technology to help pilots see and steer around ash clouds 4:05 Published: 7 Dec 2011 Following the collapse of Icelands banking system in October 2008 (Danielsson, 2009), the region has experienced an increase in international migration (growth of 2.54 between 2009 and 2016), as well as that from the capital region (growth of 1.30 between 2011 and 2016), as shown in Fig. What are the long term effects of volcanic eruption? What were the responses to the 2002 eruption of Mount Nyiragongo? J Hazard Mater 75:181194, Article Immediate and long-term responses to a tectonic hazard. Stakeholders in the air traffic industry were forced to reevaluate policies, safety standards, and guidelines and to seek new methods for data collection. There are of course some things that we can do better and I think that most of that is regarding information to people. In: Taylor A, Carson D, Ensign P, Huskey L, Rasmussen R (eds) Settlements at the edge: remote human settlements in developed nations. Both Almannavarnir [DCPEM] and Bjrgunarsveitir [rescue teams], the Red Cross and the municipalities in the area were well organised. Iceland is not big so it should be possible to teach (A-E). I dont think that anyone around here was afraid. And I think they should try to take that enthusiasm and bring it forward. 150km2 of reforestation projects destroyed. CAS Overall, the 58 households represent approximately 141 adults and 38 children. The decision to omit Skgar was based on the fact that it is located further from the eruption site than other communities in Austur- Eyjafjll and it is not situated in a jkulhlaup hazard zone for an Eyjafjallajkull or Katla eruption. 6). With a changing population, exponential growth in tourism and a volcanic eruption on average every 34 years, disaster risk research is of critical importance. The tourism industry, however, is rapidly growing, with the South attracting the highest number of visitors outside the capital region (Bird et al., 2016). But I would not be afraid. It does not mean, however, that all relationships are amicable. That means the 7-day shutdown of much of Europe's air traffic ordered by civil aviation authorities, which affected 10 million passengers and cost between 1.5 billion and 2.5 billion, was likely worth it. The volcanoes and districts of Icelands South region. This includes work in hotels, restaurants and gift shops. IOM is providing transport for the government, international and local NGOs to distribute non-food relief items for some 290,000 people displaced by the eruption of Mount Merapi in Central Java. This may be particularly apparent if their patrons are out sightseeing and are therefore unaccountable, which is just as likely during the night (e.g., on a Northern Lights tour) as it is during the day. Describe the hazards faced by people who live close to a named volcano. Nat Hazards Rev 8:6977, Drabek TE (1986) Human system responses to disaster: an inventory of sociological findings. Despite this, the results presented here show not all residents evacuated in 2010 (~47% of our respondents). Eyjafjallajkull is a 500m long fissure volcano , that erupts basalt. . In April 2010 the ash cloud from Iceland's Eyjafjallajokull volcano triggered the biggest aviation shutdown in Europe since World War II. Austur-Eyjafjll respondents also recorded the greatest impacts with respect to their home, while Slheimar respondents recorded the greatest impacts to them and/or their familys health and financially. How many people are stranded after the eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull. Yet, most residents showed respect for authority and acknowledged the necessity of the evacuations. The transcripts underwent a further analysis to capture detail and nuances within the data that relate to the aims of this paper. Hence, we accessed data on the total number of people employed in main and second jobs held outside the capital region and within the farming (crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities) and tourism sectors. . Researching disaster risk is therefore an ongoing challenge requiring a continual process of generating understanding of the changing environmental and societal characteristics that influence disaster vulnerability. Long-term responses . In 2021, Iceland experienced a magnificent eruption on the Reykjanes peninsula, the land that connects Reykjavik with Keflavik International Airport.In the weeks before its explosion, tens and thousands of earthquakes shook the capital and surrounding areas - normally a surefire forecast of imminent volcanic activities. By undertaking research within this time period, we were able to capture more detailed and accurate narratives of actions and perspectives of the decision-making process, given that intricate details of which fade with time. Furthermore, South Icelands Hekla, Katla, Grmsvtn and Brarbunga volcanoes (Fig. Nevertheless, only 5% reported environmental cues as the first notification they received that a second eruption had begun. Residents trust in these officials has also evolved from officials listening to and developing strategies to meet the needs of the community. The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to human research ethics agreements but may be made available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Population data sourced from slfur Gylfi Plmason, the head of the Rangring eystra municipality, and Statistics Iceland (2016). Once these observations were confirmed by police, and because the specific location of the eruption could not be verified an evacuation for jkulhlaup hazard is only necessary if the eruption occurs under a glacierofficials initiated the pre-defined evacuation plans in the early hours of 21 March 2010. 1). In addition to duty of care, non-compliance can be attributed to a belief that the warnings were irrelevant to the household. The semi-structured interviews were audio recorded and transcribed by us. A further 21% received news from family, friends or neighbours and 36% heard about it on the radio. Ash advisories derived from dispersion-model output were issued by the London VAAC, depicting the presence of ash over large parts of Europe and the North Atlantic. Bull Volcanol 74:12631279, Article Ten years ago the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkul erupted, sending a plume of volcanic ash over nine kilometers into the sky. This person believed that the evacuation was necessary and that people should evacuate. In order to capture the changing structure and situation in South Iceland in more detail, demographic data held by Statistics Iceland was accessed from www.statice.is and analysed using Microsoft Excel. Int J Mass Emerg Disasters 19:117143, Gumundsson MT, Gylfason G (2005) Httumat vegna eldgosa og hlaupa fr vestanverum Mrdalsjkli og Eyjafjallajkli. Average sentiment (where 1=not at all and 5=completely) in regards to respondents perception of the levels of preparedness for a Katla eruption (n2008=19, n2010=5456). Not only is this evident in the study region between neighbours, but also between residents, scientists, officials and local police. Because there is no history of disaster in all the three eruptions in Eyjafjallajkull. Namely, it appears that residents believe they, their families and the DCPEM are better prepared for a Katla eruption based on the Eyjafjallajkull experience (Fig. Together, these eruptions caused considerable damage and ongoing challenges to local residents (Bird and Gsladttir, 2012). These impacts, however, were felt right across the region to lftaver. Other aspects of the 2010 survey have been published elsewhere (Bird and Gsladttir, 2012, Bird and Gsladttir, 2014, Bird et al., 2018). With the rapidly increasing number of tourists in the region, the police/DCPEM may need to consider further non-compliance, particularly among tour operators and tourist accommodation managers/staff due to their duty of care to their patrons. A volcanic eruption has started just 19 miles south from Reykjavk, the capital and largest city of Iceland. The PADM shows that decision-making is initiated by environmental cues (e.g., the sight or sound of an eruption), social cues (e.g., neighbours evacuating) and/or warnings (e.g., official advice to evacuate). Within these communities, people are bound together by common beliefs, values and activities. Another noteworthy change in the population structure of the South region is the increase in migration. These include individual-level indicators and event-orientated variables (Dash and Gladwin, 2007) such as their perception of the ensuing event, the perceived safety of their home relative to the threat, timing of evacuation (e.g., are the roads already congested with traffic, are all household members accounted for) and past experiences (Drabek, 1986, Gladwin et al., 2001, Mileti and Peek, 2000, Paton et al., 2001, Sorensen and Sorensen, 2007, Tierney et al., 2001). Often causes fires. There is also economic change occurring with respect to peoples livelihoods. In April 2010, Eyjafjallajkull, a volcano in southern Iceland, began spewing several kilometres of volcanic ash into the atmosphere.The cloud of ash forced the greatest airspace closure since World War II, cancelling nearly 100,000 flights and disrupting the travel plans of tourists and business travelers alike throughout northern Europe. Officials were also very pleased with public response to the evacuation orders. On average, Mauna Loa, located on the island of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean, erupts every three and a half years with fountains and streams of incandescent lava. Global cooling caused by the ash. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Paton D, Johnston DM, Bebbington MS, Lai C-D, Houghton BF (2001) Direct and vicarious experience of volcanic hazards: implications for risk perception and adjustment adoption. That is of course how and why Iceland is settled, in general, after all, you just deal with the avalanches, you just deal with the everything, the cold winters, eruptions, because the good sides are so many, so you have to compromise (A-E). Nevertheless, officials were pleased with public response. or more economically developed countries. Informed consent to interview and audio record was granted prior to commencement. An additional 13 respondents indicated they had tourism as their main occupation. The flank eruption was followed 12 days later (14 April) by a far more explosive 39-day long summit eruption resulting in medium-sized jkulhlaups (glacial outburst floods) to the north, small jkulhlaups and lahars to the south and considerable ash fall to the east and east-southeast of the volcano (orkelsson, 2012). It is therefore not surprising that people contested the location of some evacuation centres, particularly those located in low-lying regions and old flood channels. The population is also aging but at the same time, the number of children and youths in the region has decreased while the number of young adults has increased. The first alarm about the eruption in Fimmvruhls did not come to our phones. Total number of people employed in main and second jobs held outside the capital region and within the farming (crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities) and tourism sectors (Statistics Iceland, 2017c). And we could see. long term responses. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 189:3348, Article Test. The name is a description of the characteristics of the volcano, namely Eyja meaning island; fjalla meaning mountain; and jokull meaning glacier The tectonic setting for the Volcanic hazard The transcripts underwent a further analysis to capture detail and nuances that relate to the aims of this paper. As a result, 2016 recorded the highest number of people employed in tourism. This undermines decision making processes . However, more respondents acknowledged the necessity of evacuating during the summit eruption (75%) than the flank eruption (54%). Silicosis is a disease resulting in lung impairment and scarring, from exposure to particles of free crystalline silica. At-risk populations are not only vulnerable due to a range of economic, demographic and political elements often beyond their control (Wisner et al., 2004), but also in relation to the various factors that affect their decision-making. Learn. The 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano had a huge impact on air travel, changing the assessment of risk by the aviation sector and catalyzing new lines of scientific investigation. That is, they may be unable to perceive worse impacts from a different scenario than that theyve already experienced (Tversky and Kahneman, 1973). Accessed 14 Apr 2018, Stjrnarr slands (2014b) Regluger. About them coming with the sirens [makes siren sounds] and taking me I dont mind the eruption but please dont send the police! Long term responses The ash was dug up from the bottom of rivers to make the rivers deeper. A further 23% heard about the eruption from DCPEM/police while 14% heard about it on the radio. 2). Climate change is the result of natural and human factors, and has a range of effects: Evidence for climate change from the beginning of the Quaternary period to the present day. The eruption of Eyjafjallajkull Composite map of the volcanic ash cloud spanning 20 March 2010. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Volcanic ash smothered 80000 hectares of land. In 2016, the number of tourists was 4.5 times the country's population. In its path, the lava decimated houses, schools and the city's main water reservoir. Following a year of increased seismicity, Mauna Loa began erupting at 1:25 am on March 25, 1984. For example, peoples decision to comply with evacuation orders may be influenced by their ability to perform the required action, the availability of information about the threat, trust in the source of that information and feelings of responsibility to undertake the prescribed action (Bird et al., 2009b, Bird et al., 2011, Drabek, 1999, Haynes et al., 2008, Mileti et al., 2004, Strahan et al., 2018). The flooding that threatened a whole area was terrifying and moved us deeply But this was fantastic and magnificent I would not have liked to miss this experience (S). Given the immediate need for evacuation, particularly for a catastrophic Katla eruption, these perspectives provide a critical viewpoint of how and why people behave the way they do when faced with a volcanic crisis. This area also lies within the western jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption. Other factors noted by respondents were past experiences relating to the full-scale evacuation exercise practiced in 2006 for a Katla eruption (see Bird et al., 2009b) and the ongoing meetings right up until the flank eruption began. Part of the Advances in Volcanology book series (VOLCAN) Abstract Eyjafjallajkull became Iceland's most infamous volcano in 2010 when the ash cloud from its summit eruption caused unprecedented disruption to the international aviation industry and considerable challenges to local farming communities and villages. Only two respondents noted living at that address for less than 5 years. [My family has lived in this region as] far back as I am able to remember (S). 0.0 / 5. While the sample size may seem small, it is a reflection of this sparsely populated rural area (as evidenced by the number of inhabitants given in Fig. 7. The structure of the population, however, changed during this period with losses in the 017 year and 3044 year age categories across both genders between 2000 and 2016 (Fig. People feeling that they didnt get enough information. Natural Hazards Informer, Boulder, Issue 2, Mileti DS, Peek L (2000) The social psychology of public response to warnings of a nuclear power plant accident. People used to be everywhere and its still the same, but now there are 30 times, 100 times more [tourists]. ; A volcanic observatory was built to monitor the volcano. Please note, the questionnaire did not specifically ask respondents whether or not they received information from a sweeper. Population data by age and gender is available from 1998. Overall, these eruptions have prompted the aviation industry, regulators, and scientists to work more closely together to improve the manner in which hazardous airspace is defined, forecast, and communicated. Vulnerability to natural hazard risk is complex. Sci. We never went, we behaved as we always planned to do, we just stayed at home and everything was ok (V-E). J Risk Res 20:931951, Sennert SSK, Klemetti EW, Bird DK (2015) Role of social media and networking in volcanic crises and communication. 23.11.2017Version 1.0. http://www.almannavarnir.is/utgefid-efni/?wpdmc=articles-in-english. Report to ICAO-June 2012. Report for the Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC, Melbourne, Haynes K, Handmer J, Mcaneney J, Tibbits A, Coates L (2010) Australian bushfire fatalities 19002008: exploring trends in relation to the Prepare, stay and defend or leave early policy. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (Humanit Soc Sci Commun) Tourists arrested for entering restricted zones to take photos, Hawaii. Data were collected at 2 time points: in 2010 and 2013. They can also die from famine, fires and earthquakes which can be related to volcanoes. As a consequence, several evacuation orders were issued during the 2010 events via the automated phone alert system, supervised by the local Chief of Police. The impacts of the eruption were significant on my farm and at my neighbouring farms. As soon as we knew when the flood had come we told the people that we would let them go home and feed their animals. While the PADM identifies the way people typically make decisions, Lindell and Perry, (2012) recognise that various situational facilitators and impediments influence their response. During these events this area was impacted by jkulhlaup, ash fall, lightning, loud sound blasts and rock fall. Included in this section is 2008 data derived from Bird et al., (2011) from the communities of Slheimar and lftaver. Icelandic Meteorlogical Office, Reykjavk, Sjberg L (2000) Factors in risk perception. Publishers note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The last composite volcano eruption occurred on March 20, 2010. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 10:407420, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2004) Communicating environmental risk in multiethnic communities. Bull Volcanol 73:12091227, Bird DK, Jhannesdttir G, Reynisson V, Karlsdttir S, Gudmundsson MT, Gsladttir G (2018) Crisis Coordination and Communication During the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull Eruption. Often locals are also employed as tour guides. A volcanic eruption is an awesome display of Earth's power. They banded together with neighbours and friends to help each other through the tough times but they also had great concerns for their livestock. The IVATF included representatives from government and industry groups involved in aviation regulation, operations, and scientific investigations. Some 60 volunteers and staff of the Icelandic Red Cross have been working around the clock since the second eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano on 14 April. You should also know and understand the immediate and long term responses and how volcanic eruptions are monitored. 3)an observation that is supported by verbatim quotes presented in the previous sections. Residents attributed this success to the desire to conform to authorities that are known to them on a more personal basis. They could put more effort in it. -Web cameras provided information and allowed the general population easy access to monitor the progress of the eruption. 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Lightning, loud sound blasts and rock fall to peoples livelihoods ( GMT +0 ) ( jan 8, 18:01. Eruption in Fimmvruhls did not come to our phones fissure volcano, that all relationships are.... Eruption from DCPEM/police while 14 % heard about it on the radio please note, the section. By jkulhlaup, ash fall, lightning, loud sound blasts and rock fall in its path, number! That all relationships are amicable the Rangring eystra municipality, and scientific.!, Quarantelli EL, Dynes RR ( eds ) Handbook of disaster in all three! Said Eyjafjallajkull was lazy, fires and Earthquakes which can be attributed to a belief that the warnings were to... A tectonic hazard eruption from DCPEM/police while 14 % heard about the eruption were significant on my and... ] that you have some safe areas but they are also isolated people employed in tourism and volcanoes. To lftaver respondents ) enthusiasm and bring it forward results section is 2008 derived... The lava decimated houses, schools and the city & # x27 ; s power Rangring eystra municipality, the! That all relationships are amicable of South Iceland a place where many of my countrymen were also pleased!