He had been pilot of Gemini 3 command Apollo 16 was the second Type J mission, an extensive scientific investigation of the Moon from the lunar surface and from lunar orbit. 097:41:44, but oscillations were detected in a secondary system that controlled [48], In addition to the usual Apollo spacecraft training, Young and Duke, along with backup commander Fred Haise, underwent an extensive geological training program that included several field trips to introduce them to concepts and techniques they would use in analyzing features and collecting samples on the lunar surface. The return route was past Elbow Crater and directly across the mare to the lunar module. The EVA lasted approximately 6 hours, 33 minutes, ending at 3:46 p.m. The thumpers would be exploded during the ALSEP deployment. undocked for 81 hours 27 minutes 47 seconds. The exploration of the Descartes region by the Apollo 16 crew provided the best look at lunar highlands. Once on course towards the Moon, the crew put the spacecraft into a rotisserie "barbecue" mode in which the craft rotated along its long axis three times per hour to ensure even heat distribution about the spacecraft from the Sun. [44], After landing, Young and Duke began powering down some of the LM's systems to conserve battery power. on at 008:45 to give the mission control center a view of the particle emission. been due to a guidance circuit breaker inadvertently being left open. The capsule made in ground support equipment and detanking procedures to prevent future After three hours and six minutes, they returned to the LM, where they completed several experiments and unloaded the rover. The CM television was turned 15.50019 east, 668 feet north and 197 feet west of the planned landing site. As a result, many theories concerning lunar geologic structure and processes were improved greatly. Command Module Pilot Mattingly reported "gimbal lock", meaning that the system to keep track of the craft's attitude was no longer accurate. These conclusions were informed by observations from Mattingly, the first CMP to use binoculars in his observations, who had seen that from the perspective of lunar orbit, there was nothing distinctive about the Descartes Formationit fit right in with the Mare Imbrium structure. 9.9 knots at 256 from true north. not performed before ejection of the subsatellite and the it was placed into an and an 80.2-second separation maneuver was performed at 004:18:08.3. The crew then returned by way of the experiment station to the The CSM was designated CSM-113, and had The FeO concentrations (Fig. powered descent engine firing began at 104:17:25 at an altitude of 10.994 n mi. [81], By the time Mission Control issued the wake-up call to the crew for flight day two, the spacecraft was about 181,000 kilometers (98,000nmi) away from the Earth, traveling at about 1,622m/s (5,322ft/s). These . The mission also carried the [43] As Apollo 16 was the penultimate mission in the Apollo program and there was no major new hardware or procedures to test on the lunar surface, the last two missions (the other being Apollo 17) presented opportunities for astronauts to clear up some of the uncertainties in understanding the Moon's characteristics. Crewed missions are in, This page was last edited on 10 January 2023, at 03:00. [20][21], Thomas Kenneth "Ken" Mattingly, the command module pilot, was 36 years old and a lieutenant commander in the Navy at the time of Apollo 16. It was rolled out again to Launch Complex 39A on February 9. provided for the 1 hour 23 minute 42 second period, during which He retrieved hours 13 minutes 16 seconds. The third All systems Throttle-down of the LM's landing engine occurred on time, and the spacecraft tilted forward to its landing orientation at an altitude of 7,200ft (2,200m). 009:06. Peterson. The layers exposed at Silver Spur and St. George Crater are not a thin surfiaal deposit, whatever their nature. provided through crew recovery. The Apollo 16 landing site, near the crater Descartes, was chosen as representative of the true lunar highlands, so to speak (England, 1972; Hinners, The crater One reason why Descartes had been selected was that it was visually different from previous Apollo landing sites, but rocks from there proved to be closely related to those from the Fra Mauro Formation, Apollo 14's landing site. Selected as an housekeeping commenced about 053:30 and was completed at 055:11. Earth with a radius of 3,443.934 n mi. St. George is a feature on Earth's Moon, a crater in the Hadley-Apennine region. [132], After the mission, Young and Duke served as backups for Apollo 17,[133] and Duke retired from NASA in December 1975. Colonel Stuart Allen physical proper ties of the Moon, and made visual observations. After their arrival, the duo took photographs of the 1km (0.62mi) wide and 230m (750ft) deep crater. Forty-six people were sent to the hospital for 24 to 48 hours' observation, most suffering from inhalation of toxic fumes. Illinois, Mattingly was 36 years old at the time of the Apollo 16 mission. The last leg of the not achieved. on the lunar surface for 71 hours 2 minutes 13 seconds. After successful parachute deployment and less than 14 minutes after reentry began, the command module splashed down in the Pacific Ocean 350 kilometers (189nmi) southeast of the island of Kiritimati 265 hours, 51 minutes, 5seconds after liftoff. Lunar dust extravehicular activity for the mission to 22 hours 17 minutes 36 seconds. Crater is at the top. Here, they sampled permanently shadowed soil. used to validate findings from the Apollo 15 mission. mission objectives and most of the detailed objectives being met, although the Deactivation was completed at 00:00 GMT on 11 May. station 8, a rear-drive troubleshooting procedure was implemented. These three astronautsFrank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anderswere the first humans to personally witness and photograph the far side of the Moon and . Forty-six persons suspected of inhaling toxic fumes were activities during transearth coast included photography for a Skylab program working. He alerted Mission Control to the problem before setting up the television camera, after which Duke erected the United States flag. During the return trip to Earth, Mattingly performed a one-hour spacewalk to retrieve several film cassettes from the exterior of the service module. Platinum foil was added to the aluminum of the previous experiments, to minimize contamination. successful. photographed items of interest, and collected lunar samples. At impact, the S-IVB Griffin, Neil B. Hutchinson, and Charles R. Lewis (third shift). A short distance from the LM, Duke placed a photograph of his family and an Air Force commemorative medallion on the surface. (USN). The maneuver was successful, decreasing the craft's pericynthion to 19.8 kilometers (10.7nmi). docked with the CM at 177:41:18 at an altitude of 65.6 n mi, after being The LM was powered up and all systems to a flight azimuth of 72.034. were Captain John Watts Young (USN), commander; Lt. The CSM was scheduled to altitude of 11.2 n mi. [92] The spacecraft and its crew was retrieved by the aircraft carrier USSTiconderoga. Just before the end of flight day three at 59 hours, 19 minutes, 45 seconds after liftoff, while 330,902 kilometers (178,673nmi) from the Earth and 62,636 kilometers (33,821nmi) from the Moon, the spacecraft's velocity began increasing as it accelerated towards the Moon after entering the lunar sphere of influence. [71] Measurements after the mission found that "soft" magnetism had returned to the sample, although at a lower intensity than before. Heat Flow . Ticonderoga. The period ended However, due to a communication failure before impact the exact location was unknown until January 2016, when it was discovered within Mare Insularum by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, approximately 260km (160mi) southwest of Copernicus Crater. photography obtained of the geocorona in the hydrogen (Lyman alpha) wavelength The boom that extended the mass spectrometer in the SIM bay was stuck, semi-deployed. [80] With the preparations finished, they undocked 96 hours, 13 minutes, 31 seconds into the mission. Young descended the ladder and, upon setting foot on the lunar surface, became the ninth human to walk on the Moon. and 203:12, good quality television pictures were transmitted from inside the At its maximum, the temperature of the heat shield was between 2,200 and 2,480C (4,000 and 4,500F). Apollo 16 was originally scheduled to launch on March 17, 1972. Duke received a B.S. Other results gained from Apollo 16 included the discovery of two new auroral belts around Earth. [112], Flight day seven was their third and final day on the lunar surface, returning to orbit to rejoin Mattingly in the CSM following the day's moonwalk. Samples obtained from this boulder delivered the final blow to the pre-mission volcanic hypothesis, proving it incorrect. At this point the SaturnV rocket's three stages were powered up, and drinking water was pumped into the spacecraft. [101][102] The next stop of the day was Buster Crater, a small crater located north of the larger Spook Crater, about 1.6km (0.99mi) from the LM. The crew also reported 1972. the call-sign Casper. The lunar module was designated LM-11, and had the was made at 195:03:13 to separate the CSM from the ascent stage. Apollo 12-Oceanus Pracellarum (Ocean of Storms) in the Mare Insularam (sea of islands) Apollo 13- no landing. [29][30] However, after the cancellations of Apollos 18 and 19 were announced in September 1970, it made more sense to use astronauts who had already flown lunar missions as backups, rather than training others on what would likely be a dead-end assignment. Cumulus clouds covered 20 percent of the sky (base 3,000 feet), After splashdown, the CM assumed an apex-down [44] They also received survival training and prepared for technical aspects of the mission. [6], Flight directors were Pete Frank and Philip Shaffer, first shift, Gene Kranz and Donald R. Puddy, second shift, and Gerry Griffin, Neil B. Hutchinson and Charles R. Lewis, third shift. They entered the LM for activation and checkout of the spacecraft's systems. lunar orbit of 68.0 by 53.1 n mi in preparation for the acquisition of [119][121] The Mapping Camera also did not function perfectly; later analysis found it to have problems with its glare shield. Results of the investigation determined that the particles were shredded experienced with the S-band steerable antenna. During lunar surface operations, Commander Young always drove the rover, while Lunar Module Pilot Duke assisted with navigation; this was a division of responsibilities used consistently throughout Apollo's J missions. This photo, This is his t. call-sign Orion.. 30 minutes in the LM, the crew depressurized the cabin at 142:39:35 to begin the 50 Years Ago: Apollo 16 on the Moon at Descartes Apollo 16 entered lunar orbit on April 19, 1972. time of 17:54:00 GMT (12:54:00 p.m. EST) on 16 April 1972. Especially significant scientific findings included the first 165:31:28, but four stations were deleted because of time limitations. A second group was four mortars of different sizes, to be set off remotely once the astronauts had returned to Earth. [80], After waking up on April 21, Young and Duke ate breakfast and began preparations for the first extravehicular activity (EVA), or moonwalk. At launch time, his first spaceflight. transferred the samples, film, and equipment to the CSM, the ascent stage was coarse align mode and set the appropriate alarms. could affect the third EVA. S-IVB was designated 1972-031B. orbit with a much shorter lifetime than planned. the LRV, the crew headed south-southeast to a mare sampling area near the Cinco The lunar module pilot then examined the damaged heat flow experiment. Apollo 16 is gonna change your image. I'm sure glad they got ol' Brer Rabbit, here, back in the briar patch where he belongs. plane-change maneuver and some orbital science photography were deleted so that American Rockwell Space Division facility at Downey, California, for postflight With the assistance of orbital photography obtained on the Apollo 14 mission, the Descartes site was determined to be safe enough for a crewed landing. At 038:18:56, From 203:29 to 204:12, pictures were broadcast from the LRV camera on the The remainder of flight day four was spent making observations and preparing for activation of the lunar module, undocking, and landing the following day. Apollo 8 (December 21-27, 1968) was the first crewed spacecraft to leave low Earth orbit and the first human spaceflight to reach the Moon.The crew orbited the Moon ten times without landing, and then departed safely back to Earth. As on [37] The insignia was designed from ideas originally submitted by the crew of the mission,[38] by Barbara Matelski of the graphics shop at the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston. On May 7, while Instead, it was ejected into a lower-than-planned orbit and crashed into the Moon a month later on May 29, 1972, after circling the Moon 424 times. [48], After the selection, mission planners made the Descartes and Cayley formations, two geologic units of the lunar highlands, the primary sampling interest of the mission. [53][57], In addition to the field geology training, Young and Duke also trained to use their EVA space suits, adapt to the reduced lunar gravity, collect samples, and drive the Lunar Roving Vehicle. [129][130], When the wake-up call was issued to the crew for their final day in space by CAPCOM England, the CSM was about 45,000 nautical miles (83,000km) from Earth, traveling just over 2,700m/s (9,000ft/s). [39] Orion is one of the brightest constellations as seen from Earth,[40] and one visible to the astronauts throughout their journey. the service propulsion system was fired for 4.66 seconds to place the CSM in a They arrived at a 3m (9.8ft) high boulder, which they called "Shadow Rock". Upon completing their initial procedures, the pair configured Orion for their three-day stay on the lunar surface, removed their space suits and took initial geological observations of the immediate landing site. was selected as an astronaut in 1966. with ingress and repressurization of the LM cabin at 150:02:44. Starting at the lunar module, the crew drove southward across the mare to the edge of Hadley Rille, south along the edge of the rille to Elbow Crater and to an area near St. George Crater. Mission duration was 265:51:05. conditions that existed to accurately predict the time of impact. When the crew reset the power switches, the navigation system began 2) reveal the systematic differ-ence in iron content of mare basalts and terrestrial and lunar highland ba-SCIENCE, VOL. launch vehicle was a Saturn V, designated SA-511. [6] Flight directors during Apollo had a one-sentence job description: "The flight director may take any actions necessary for crew safety and mission success. Apollo 11 - Landed 20 July 1969. The LM had been Additional All LM system The particles were unexplained. [65] NASA intended to calibrate the Apollo 16 PSE by crashing the LM's ascent stage near it after the astronauts were done with it, an object of known mass and velocity impacting at a known location. The splashdown site was estimated to be latitude 0.70 The estimated impact He thereafter flew in Gemini 10 (1966) with Michael Collins and as command module pilot of Apollo 10 (1969). shift), Eugene F. Kranz and Donald R. Puddy (second shift), and Gerald D. The Landed on the Moon, April 1972." After the crew The object The Apollo 16 crew trained at Schooner in October 1971, and Apollo 17 astronauts conducted exercises at Schooner and Buckboard Mesa in August 1972. undocking and separation were performed at 096:13:31. The map covers the . On April 21, 1972, Commander John W. Young and Charles M. Duke, Jr., pilot of the lunar module "Orion," landed at the western edge of the Descartes mountains while Thomas K. Mattingly II piloted command module "Casper" and conducted experiments and surveying activities in lunar orbit. The landing and exploration were in the Descartes Highlands, a site chosen because some scientists expected it to be an area formed by volcanic action, though this proved to not be the case. NASA Astromaterials Curation, an integral part of any sample return mission, comprises preparation and allocation of samples for research and education, initial characterization of new samples, and secure storage for the benefit of future generations. At 005:40:07.2, The winds at 530 feet above the launch site measured Just under five hours after the subsatellite release, on the CSM's 65th orbit around the Moon, its service propulsion system main engine was reignited to propel the craft on a trajectory that would return it to Earth. Reacquisition of the signal was expected at 22:00 GMT on that day, but was The command module suffered a three-inch gash in one panel. (02:45:05 p.m. EST) on 27 April. Highland plains. The apogee and perigee were based upon a spherical Then, on May 19-21, 1971, Dave, Jim, Dick Gordon, Jack Schmitt and USGS cratering expert David Roddy made a visit to NTS to get more field experience.] The ability a 24.35-second service propulsion system maneuver was performed to reach the [113] After pressurizing the LM cabin, the crew began preparing to return to lunar orbit. Craters on the north slope of Stone Mountain. vector magnetic fields, and subsatellite velocity from which lunar gravitational The maneuver, performed by Mattingly and known as transposition, docking, and extraction, went smoothly.[79][80]. [66] However, NASA lost control of the ascent stage after jettison, and this did not occur. holds were initiated at T-9 hours for 9 hours and at T-3 hours 30 minutes for While flight The vehicles and payload were This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Visual The first shows the area north of the LM up to North Ray Crater. About four hours after the beginning of EVA-1, they mounted the lunar rover and drove to the first geologic stop, Plum Crater, a 118ft-wide (36m) crater on the rim of Flag Crater, about 240m (790ft) across. in Naval the impact point was within the desired area. CSM/LM docking, light colored particles were noticed coming from the LM area. the total time spent outside the LM was 20 hours 14 minutes 14 seconds, the Loss of the The first and second stages of the SaturnV (the S-IC and S-II) performed nominally; the spacecraft entered orbit around Earth just under 12 minutes after lift-off. D. The flight directors were M. P. Pete Frank and Philip C. Shaffer (first lunar surface expedition (AS16-122-19533). [70], The LSM was designed to measure the strength of the Moon's magnetic field, which is only a small fraction of Earth's. started at 093:34, about 11 minutes early. Slayton created the support crews early in the Apollo Program on the advice of Apollo crew commander James McDivitt, who would lead Apollo 9. They drove there in the LRV, traveling 3.8km (2.4mi) from the LM. [90], The crew continued preparing for lunar module activation and undocking shortly after waking up to begin flight day five. Later, at [25] A lieutenant colonel in the Air Force,[26] Duke was 36 years old at the time of Apollo 16, which made him the youngest of the twelve astronauts who walked on the Moon during Apollo as of the time of the mission. This maneuver brought the ascent stage to an orbit of There was less certainty regarding the Descartes Formation, as it was not clear which if any of the rocks came from there. Duke was then aged 36; no younger human has ever walked on the lunar surface. Muehlberger. pounds (35.4 kg) of samples were collected. of the crew and the capability of the spacecraft to land safely in the rough ridge of high pressure extending westward, from the Atlantic Ocean through With Apollo 16, he became the second American, after Jim Lovell, to fly in space four times. A hole was blown in the hangar roof 250 feet above; about 40 windows in the hangar were shattered. The systems were found to be functioning as expected. designation Eastern Test Range #1601. would be designated 1972-031C, the descent stage 1972-031E, and the particles After descending to an altitude of about 13,000ft (4,000m), Young was able to view the landing site in its entirety. Six minutes after liftoff, at a speed of about 5,000 kilometers per hour (3,100mph), Young and Duke reached lunar orbit. [61], The launch vehicle which took Apollo 16 to the Moon was a Saturn V, designated as AS-511. [53], Since Descartes was believed to be volcanic, a good deal of this training was geared towards volcanic rocks and features, but field trips were made to sites featuring other sorts of rock. propellants were being removed from the CM, a tank cart exploded because of After flying the lunar module to the Moon's surface on April 21, Young and Duke spent 71 hoursjust under three dayson the lunar surface, during which they conducted three extravehicular activities or moonwalks, totaling 20 hours and 14 minutes. mission was Fred Wallace Haise, Jr. Mattingly, who prior to the mission was demonstrated. ship U.S.S. Once inside, they pressurized the LM cabin, went through a half-hour debriefing with scientists in Mission Control, and configured the cabin for the sleep period. The [101][105][106], Waking up three and a half minutes earlier than planned, they discussed the day's timeline of events with Houston. The impact oxidizer being detanked had been too low because of the extra oxidizer retained that the S-IVB impacted the lunar surface at 075:08:04. A 7.14-second CSM plane targeted the S-IVB for impact on the Moon near the Apollo 12 landing site. [42], The official mission countdown began on Monday, April 10, 1972, at 8:30am, six days before the launch. During this The crew first maneuver at 176:26:05. Nevertheless, no Apollo mission had actually visited the lunar highlands. Image from The crew was [104] After completing more tasks at the ALSEP, they returned to the LM to close out the moonwalk. television picture, the source of the particles appeared to be a growth of pilots vision of the stars, realignment of the platform was accomplished using Bypassing station seven to save time, they arrived at Station 8 on the lower flank of Stone Mountain, where they sampled material on a ray from South Ray crater for about an hour. 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The planned landing site too low because of time limitations once the astronauts had returned Earth.