[15] Many Armenian refugees from Baku and other cities of Azerbaijan speak only Russian. The fact that some propose Armenia to be the homeland of the original speakers of Proto-Indo-European would lead one to hope that Armenian represents the language of those speakers who did not migrate into other regions, but unfortunately this seems unlikely. [55] A notable example is arciv, meaning "eagle," believed to have been the origin of Urartian Aribi and Northeast Caucasian arzu. The actual nature of Phrygian influence, however, is open to much debate because of the language's scanty attestation. Online language courses for college credit are offered through the University Extension (link opens in a new browser window). Armenian also shows at least one characteristic of the centum groupcomprising Celtic, Germanic, Italic, and Greekin that it preserves occasional palatal stops as k-like sounds. In some studies, it is supposed to be the mother of Indo-European languages with Sanskrit. Western Armenian has simplified the occlusive system into a simple division between voiced occlusives and aspirated ones; the first series corresponds to the tenuis series of Eastern Armenian, and the second corresponds to the Eastern voiced and aspirated series. English is the second learned language and the fastest growing foreign language in Armenia.[5]. The Armenian orthography is rich in combinations of consonants, but in pronunciation, this is broken up with schwas. The vowel // is reduced and cannot be stressed. Graeco-Aryan unity would have become divided into Proto-Greek and Proto-Indo-Iranian by the mid-3rd millennium BC. The total number of Armenian speakers worldwide is estimated between 5 and 7 million. The earliest . Some glottalist linguists claim that the Old Armenian system had not undergone any important changes from the Proto-Indo-European system, which they interpret in a manner quite different from the traditional view. One also finds reference to a prior alphabet created by the Syriac bishop Daniel, purportedly abandoned because it was ill-suited to the sound system of the language. The name Armenia first occurs in the Old Persian inscriptions at Bsotn dated to c. 520 BCE (but note that the Armenians use the ethnonym hay [plural hayk] to refer to themselves). 1. Armenian has its own unique script, the Armenian alphabet, invented in 405-406 AD by the ancient linguist and cleric Mesrop Mashtots. The Armenian alphabet. In Armenian, the stress falls on the last syllable unless the last syllable contains the definite article [] or [n], and the possessive articles and , in which case it falls on the penultimate one. [14], The 2001 census revealed 29,563 people with Russian as their native language, from which 14,728 were ethnic Armenians. The Lebanese government recognizes Armenian as a minority language, Artsakh/Nagorno-Karabakh Republic is a disputed area. Armenian is written in its own writing system, the Armenian alphabet, introduced in 405AD by the priest Mesrop Mashtots. Apart from that, its pronunciation is always . Although by neither account were they the original inhabitants of the region, Xenophon records in 400 B.C. Category: Languages and linguistics Ancient Armenian language; Revue Bazmavep. [77] Because of persecutions or the search for better economic opportunities, many Armenians living under Ottoman rule gradually moved to Istanbul, whereas Tbilisi became the center of Armenians living under Russian rule. . The language is spoken by approximately four million people still living within the borders of the republic. [54] Noting that Hurro-Urartian-speaking peoples inhabited the Armenian homeland in the second millennium BC, Diakonoff identifies in Armenian a Hurro-Urartian substratum of social, cultural, and animal and plant terms such as aaxin "slave girl" ( Hurr. [40], Armenia was a monolingual country by the 2nd century BC at the latest. The Armenian language comprises around 60 distinctive dialects, each with its own folk music style. On the contrary, it is going on to develop, expand its lexis and improve its grammar. [116], The current distribution of the Armenian language in the southern Caucasus. Originally, it contained 36 letters but three more were added later. However, unlike shared innovations (or synapomorphies), the common retention of archaisms (or symplesiomorphy) is not considered conclusive evidence of a period of common isolated development. Iranian influences in Armenian Language", "A Reader in Nineteenth Century Historical Indo-European Linguistics: On the Position of Armenian in the Sphere of the Indo-European Languages", "Russell D. Gray and Quentin D. Atkinson, Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin, Nature 426 (27 November 2003) 435439", "Population Census 2011: Table 5.2-1 Population (urban, rural) by Ethnicity, Sex and Mother Tongue", " [Language proficiency by the population of the most numerous nationalities]", Federal State Statistics Service of Russia, " [Population of the most numerous nationalities by native language]", "LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME BY ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH FOR THE POPULATION 5 YEARS AND OVER Universe: Population 5 years and over more information 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates", "Population by region, by native languages and fluently speak Georgian language", "Population Census 2015: Table 5.2-1 Population (urban, rural) by Ethnicity, Sex and Mother Tongue", "Linguistic composition of the population", "Language Spoken Most Often at Home (269), Other Language(s) Spoken Regularly at Home (270) and Age (15A) for the Population Excluding Institutional Residents of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census", "Proportion of mother tongue responses for various regions in Canada, 2016 Census", " , ", " , , , , , , ", "Ludno. P.105. The alphabet consists of 36 original letters, and three more were added in the 12th centuries to accommodate foreign words. P. 235-323. 1 9,81 MB added 10/13/2015 04:14 [56][57] Hrach Martirosyan and Armen Petrosyan propose additional borrowed words of Armenian origin loaned into Urartian and vice versa, including grammatical words and parts of speech, such as Urartian eue ("and"), attested in the earliest Urartian texts and likely a loan from Armenian (compare to Armenian yev, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *hepi). 1998. R. D. Woodard). However, due to extensive loaning, only around 1,500 words (G. Jahukyan) are known to have been inherited from Indo-European by the Classical Armenian stage; the rest were lost, a fact that presents a major challenge to endeavors to better understand Proto-Armenian and its place within the family, especially as many of the sound changes along the way from Indo-European to Armenian remain quite difficult to analyze. Ancient Armenian. 2002. From ancient and modern languages, Indo-Iranian seems to be the most closely related to Armenian . The introduction of new literary forms and styles, as well as many new ideas sweeping Europe, reached Armenians living in both regions. Forms of the Karin dialect of Western Armenian are spoken by several hundred thousand people in Northern Armenia, mostly in Gyumri, Artik, Akhuryan, and around 130 villages in Shirak Province,[111] and by Armenians in SamtskheJavakheti province of Georgia (Akhalkalaki, Akhaltsikhe).[112]. For more information about this format, please see the Archive Torrents collection. The ancient Armenian calendar had names for everything - hours, days, and months. The system of writing in Armenia was created at the end of the 4th century AD, when the Armenian alphabet was invented. 78. Within its language family Armenian is considered as one of the ancient written languages. Like other small communities, the Greeks of Armenia speak mostly Russian, though many especially of the older generation have the ability to speak Pontic Greek, a Greek dialect, native to the southern shore of the Black Sea (the Black Sea Region of modern-day Turkey). [108] The Middle Armenian variety used in the court of Cilician Armenia (10801375) provides a window into the development of Western Armenian, which came to be based on what became the dialect of Istanbul, while the standard for Eastern Armenian was based on the dialect around Mount Ararat and Yerevan. Circumstances under Which Made: Armenia was in large measure Christianized by Gregory Lousavorich ("the Illuminator": consecrated 302 AD; died 332), but, as Armenian had not been reduced to writing, the Scriptures used to be read in some places in Greek, in others in Syriac, and translated . The modern language also has an f /f/. It is assumed that Armenia arose from a Indo-European family. As of today, Russian is still, by far, the best known foreign language among the Armenian population. In fact, the remote ancestors of the Armenians at one time were once part of the broader Indo-European dialect . Yerevan, 1981, p. 33). Ghazaryan. Nakhichevan-on-Don Armenians speak another Western Armenian variety based on the dialect of Armenians in Crimea, where they came from in order to establish the town and surrounding villages in 1779 ( ). Approximately 5 million people speak this language today, almost half of them in the 18th century. Distinct Western Armenian varieties currently in use include Homshetsi, spoken by the Hemshin peoples;[110] the dialects of Armenians of Kessab ( ), Latakia and Jisr al-Shughur (Syria), Anjar, Lebanon, and Vakfl, Samanda (Turkey), part of the "Sueidia" dialect ( ). Check 'ancient' translations into Armenian. Nevertheless, as Fortson (2004) comments, "by the time we reach our earliest Armenian records in the 5th century AD, the evidence of any such early kinship has been reduced to a few tantalizing pieces". [31] First attested in the 9th century BCE, Urartian ceased to be written after the fall of the Urartian state in 585 BCE, and presumably it became extinct due to the fall of Urartu. (ed.) The influence of the remaining languages seems to have been chiefly in the form of borrowings. Armenia's constitution does not specify the linguistic standard. The place of Armenian in the Indo-European language family: the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranian. Inanimate nouns take the nominative, while animate nouns take the dative. . Armenian medicine, which has a history of some 3000 years, has created a rich treasury of natural medicaments. Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies. [10], CNN started broadcasting on a regular basis in Armenia in 2002. Most suppose the speakers of Armenian to have come to the region from the west, supplanting the Urartuan culture they encountered. Precisely how and when the first Armenians arrived in eastern Anatolia and the areas surrounding Lakes Van, Sevan, and Urmia is not known. Lord Byron (1788-1824) visited the Armenian Monastery of St. Lazarus in Venice in 1816, where he acquainted himself with Armenian culture with the help of the abbots belonging to the Mechitarist Order. [17], Although Armenian Greeks are mostly multilingual (speaking Greek, Armenian and Russian), the 1,176 strong Greek community has kept the Pontic Greek dialect as their native language. It concealed the noticeable dialectal variations of the spoken language and was used for literary, historical, theological, scientific, and even practical everyday texts. inscription in Behistun by the Persian king Darius I. Armenia has been the most successful of the three South Caucasian states (others being Azerbaijan and Georgia) in linguistic de-Russification after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Currently it has its own unique branch in the language family. [23], According to the 2011 Armenian Census there are 900 Greeks in Armenia. "The Armenian Elements in the Language and Onomastics of Urartu.". In modern forms of Armenian the stress falls on the last syllable of a word. 01 Nov 2022 21:01:28 512-471-4566, For comments and inquiries, or to report issues, please contact the Web Master at UTLRC@utexas.edu. Ararat-Armenian: [35], Armenian was generally recognized as a separate branch of the Indo-European family, Armenia was considered to be part of the Persian language by western scholars until the 1870s when it was recognized as a separate Indo-European language. [62] The distinctness of Armenian was recognized when philologist Heinrich Hbschmann (1875)[62][63] used the comparative method to distinguish two layers of Iranian words from the older Armenian vocabulary. Armenians also live in Lebanon, Egypt, Azerbaijan, Iraq, France, Bulgaria, the United States, and elsewhere. Armenian can be divided into two major dialectal blocks and those blocks into individual dialects, though many of the Western Armenian dialects have become extinct due to the effects of the Armenian genocide. ", Last edited on 25 September 2022, at 05:07, Fondation Universit Franaise en Armnie, European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, "Government plan proposes special status for Western Armenian in bid to strengthen diaspora relations", "Bilingualism and language planning in Armenia", "The South Caucasus Between The EU And The Eurasian Union", "De Jure Population (Urban, Rural*) by Ethnicity and Languages", "Russian Language Enjoying a Boost in Post-Soviet States", http://armstat.am/file/article/sv_03_13a_520.pdf, "Armenia becomes full member of Francophonie", "Nagorno Karabakh and Kosovo: The Refugee Problem", "De Jure Population (Urban, Rural) by Age and Ethnicity", " 1897 . - ", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Armenia&oldid=1112205733, This page was last edited on 25 September 2022, at 05:07. Yet another theory is that the Armenians are the most sedentary members of the original speakers of Proto-Indo-European; that the Indo-European languages originated in the transcaucasian region, but the Armenians, who chose not to migrate out of the area, were marginalized during periods of Hittite and Urartuan dominance. Exceptions to this rule are some words with the final letter ( in the reformed orthography) (, , ) and sometimes the ordinal numerals (, , etc. Some works have survived only through their Armenian translations, such as the Commentaries on the Benediction of Moses by Hippolytus, the first part of the Chronicle of Eusebius, and the Romance of Alexander the Great by Pseudo-Callisthenes. Classical Armenian. ", Clackson, James P. T. 2008. James Clackson (2008). 116 Inner Campus Dr Stop G6000 in, This page was last edited on 29 October 2022, at 19:37. Presumably the Bible was the first text to be translated, followed by a number of other Greek and Syriac texts. The first Armenian periodical, Azdarar, was published in grabar in 1794. Medicine is an inseparable part of ancient Armenian culture and its roots come from deep in the past. [7] A 1999 study showed that about 40% of the population is fluent in Russian. [12] Russian was the main language of academic research, although Armenia's constitution has recognized Armenian as the official language. In medial and final position the correspondences are different. [21], According to the 2011 Armenian Census there are 10,106 people who speak French as a second language (10,056 of the speakers are ethnic Armenians), 6,342 people who speak German as a second language (6,210 of the speakers are ethnic Armenians), 4,396 speakers of Persian (4,352 of the speakers are ethnic Armenians), and 29,430 people speak other languages as a second language (25,899 of the speakers are ethnic Armenians). Given that these borrowings do not undergo sound changes characteristic of the development of Armenian from Proto-Indo-European, he dates their borrowing to a time before the written record but after the Proto-Armenian language stage. The northern border is continued by the Pontus mountain range, which extends west from the source of the Kur and shields Armenia from the Black Sea. "Towards the Origins of the Armenian People. Mailcode S5490 Classical Armenian. The Western Armenian language is used as a standard language by the Armenians living in the USA, Italy, France, Lebanon, and other countries. [17] Many Armenians speak Azerbaijani as a second language, since the country welcomed 370,000 Armenian refugees from Azerbaijan, including the former Nagorno Karabakh Autonomous Oblast during the Nagorno Karabakh War, which lasted from 19881994. According to the 2001 census 40,620 people identified themselves as Yazidis and 1,519 as Kurds. The fact that some propose Armenia to be the homeland of the original speakers of Proto-Indo-European would lead one to hope that Armenian represents the language of those speakers who did, In addition, there was a strong stress on the Proto-Armenian penultimate syllable, which led to the loss of any final vowel, and caused /i/ and /u/ to become the. Hans J. Holm (2011): Swadesh lists of Albanian Revisited and Consequences for its position in the Indo-European Languages. 33,509 of Armenia's citizens speak Kurdish as a first language (31,479 reported Yazidi while 2,030 reported Kurdish). LITERATURE I. There are 733 people who speak Ukrainian as a first language in Armenia, 606 of them are ethnic Ukrainians, the other 127 Ukrainian speakers are of other ethnicities (106 of them are ethnic Armenians). ), but Armenian felt the largest influence in the Arsacid period (ca. According to some linguists, Old Armenian b, d, g, j, and were voiced aspirated and p, t, k, c, and glottalized. Armenian exhibits more satemization than centumization, although it is not classified as belonging to either of these subgroups. Other than ethnic Russians, 13,012 non-Russians speak Russian as a first language (11,859 of them are ethnic Armenians and the other 1,153 Russian speakers are of other ethnicities. Thousands of new, high-quality pictures added every day. In the standard language, the pronunciation of. Ancient Armenian literary language got its processing is mainly due to the Armenian clergy, among them, for example, Yeznik Koghbatsi (374 / 380-450), considered one of the founders of the literary language drevenarmyanskogo. Modern Armenian embraces two written varietiesWestern Armenian (Arewmtahayern) and Eastern Armenian (Arewelahayern)and many dialects are spoken. Apart from several morphological, phonetic, and grammatical differences, the largely common vocabulary and generally analogous rules of grammatical fundamentals allows users of one variant to understand the other as long as they are fluent in one of the literary standards.[79]. Spoken by more than 7 million people on the planet, including 3 million in Armenia, this Indo-European language is the only one of its kind. "The extralinguistic facts relevant to the prehistory of the Armenian people are also obscure. The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. In Woodard, Roger D. The earliest documentary evidence of the Armenians is a sixth century B.C. The study of a language to determine its origins and evolution deals primarily with its oral characteristics, and most contemporary linguists work under the belief that spoken language is more fundamental, and thus more important to study than written language.Thus, Armenian is considered to be mainly an offshoot of the Indo-Hittite group of . The Taurus and Zagros mountain ranges create a natural boundary running along the entire southern expanse and cutting Armenia off from Mesopotamia. The consonant shift in Proto-Armenian had some similarities to the Proto-Germanic shift (see Grimms law), although these processes were independent of one another. [17], According to the 2011 Armenian Census there are 1,176 Ukrainians in Armenia. Click Here to see full-size tableThe invention of the Armenian alphabet is traditionally credited to the monk St. Mesrop Mashtots, who in ad 405 created an alphabet consisting of 36 signs (two were added later) based partly on Greek letters; the direction of writing (left to right) also followed the Greek model. Armenian is the official language of what in recent memory was the smallest republic of the former Soviet Union, now the southernmost republic of the Commonwealth of Independent States. The language? vard 'rose' compared to MPers. Please select which sections you would like to print: Parlez-vous franais? 53-428 A.D.). It was nearly a thousand years, however, before the Armenians themselves began to put their language to writing, when in 406 or 407 A.D. a priest Matoc (also known as Mesrop) developed an Armenian alphabet. Strabo, Geographica, XI, 14, 5; , . . , 1981, 33 (Concise History of Armenian Language, S. Gh. The two modern literary dialects, Western (originally associated with writers in the Ottoman Empire) and Eastern (originally associated with writers in the Russian Empire), removed almost all of their Turkish lexical influences in the 20th century, primarily following the Armenian genocide. P.106: "We do not know when the language became extinct, but it is likely that the collapse of what had survived of the empire until the end of the seventh or the beginning of the sixth century BCE caused the language to disappear. However, these changes represented the nature of the literary style and syntax, but they did not constitute immense changes to the fundamentals of the grammar or the morphology of the language. Bert Vaux. In the High Middle Ages srednearmyansky language was the official language of Cilicia of the Armenian kingdom. [108] Although the Armenian language is often divided into "east" and "west", the two standards are actually relatively close to each other in light of wealth of the diversity present among regional non-standard Armenian dialects. It lies roughly southeast of the Black Sea and southwest of the Caspian Sea. This form of the language is preserved in written sources and it is called Classical Armenian or Grabar. Modern dialects as well as the two modern literary languages have retained many aspects of the Old Armenian system. Armenian language is considered to be [] . In Old Armenian they formed a system of 15 phonemes with three types of articulationvoiced, voiceless, and voiceless aspiratedin every point of articulation: b-p-p; d-t-t; g-k-k; j-c-c (/= dz/-/= ts/-/= ts/); -- (/=English j/-/= English ch/-/=ch/). The 2011 Armenian Census did not cite the number of people who speak Greek as a first language, though it can be known that it is no more than 733, because Ukrainian was the language with the fewest speakers reported. He spoke to the world in Armenian." The fact that George Byron learned and wrote poetry in Armenian and translated ancient Armenian papers is amazing. They are also Eastern. "Recent Armenological Research of Indo-European Relevance." 870 - 590 B.C.) There are two standardized modern literary forms, Eastern Armenian and Western Armenian, with which most contemporary dialects are mutually intelligible.[44][45][46][47]. In the northeast the Kur River separates the highland region from lowlands which sweep to the Caspian Sea. The modern Armenian language is split into two standardized literary forms Western Armenian (with the Constantinople dialect) and Eastern Armenian (with the Ararat dialect). The seven dialect types have the following correspondences, illustrated with the td series:[105]. The influence of the remaining languages seems to have been chiefly in the form of borrowings. Monumental loss: Azerbaijan and 'the worst cultural genocide of the 21st century' | A damning new report details an attempted erasure by Azerbaijan of its Armenian cultural heritage, including the destruction of tens of thousands of Unesco-protected ancient stone carvings Armenian shares the augment and a negator derived from the set phrase in the Proto-Indo-European language *ne hoyu kid ("never anything" or "always nothing"), the representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels, and other phonological and morphological peculiarities with Greek. By the time the language is recorded, roughly forty percent of the lexicon consisted of borrowings from other languages, the phonological system had changed to resemble several features of the Caucasian languages, and the morphological system had developed as well, though less drastically than the lexicon and phonological system.
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