Among the architects invited to work in Bulgaria were Friedrich Grnanger, Adolf Vclav Kol, and Viktor Rumpelmayer, who designed the most important public buildings needed by the newly re-established Bulgarian government, as well as numerous houses for the country's elite. Following the defeat of the crusader forces in 1444, the city's Christians faced persecution. There are more than fifteen swimming complexes in the city, most of them outdoor. [182] Supported by the city's R&D expertise, Sofia is shifting to high value-added manufacturing including electrical equipment, precision mechanics, pharmaceuticals. Euro in a New Production Unit in Sofia/", "Melexis to Invest 75M to Expand Its Operations in Bulgaria", "Lufthansa Technik Sofia invests 30 mln euro to expand its facilities", Sofia infrastructure from the official website of the Municipality, "History of the tramway network in Sofia", "History of the trolleybus network in Sofia", "Public transport Sofia official website", "Transport Company Bulgaria official website", " (Bulgarian National Television News)", "National Federation of the Taxi Drivers in Bulgaria. Newly admitted inmates are transported from county jails to one of several prison receiving centers where the risk assessment process begins. "Als sie die Dentheleten angriffen, kam Crassus diesen zur. [156] A velodrome with 5,000 seats in the city's central park is undergoing renovation. It takes its source in Rila, Bulgaria's highest mountain,[41] and enters Sofia Valley near the village of German. "Sofia. Sredets joined the uprising of Peter Delyan in 10401041 in a failed attempt to restore Bulgarian independence and was the last stronghold of the rebels, led by the local commander Botko. Its Institute of Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy will operate the largest cyclotron in the country. Virtually the entire city (900,000 households and 5,900 companies) is centrally heated, using residual heat from electricity generation (3,000 MW) and gas- and oil-fired heating furnaces; total heat capacity is 4,640 MW. There are two ski centers on Mount Vitosha to accommodate visitors to this very popular sports destination. It seems that the first written mention of Serdica was made during his reign and the last mention was in the 19th century in a Bulgarian text (, Sardaki). [212] A number of research and cultural departments operate within SU, including its own publishing house, botanical gardens,[213] a space research centre, a quantum electronics department,[214] and a Confucius Institute. [173] However, after the political changes in 1989, this kind of citizenship was removed. Being a pedestrian zone, it is a very pleasant place for strolling and relaxation. [138] Many of the most severe crimes are contract killings that are connected to organised crime, but these had dropped in recent years after several arrests of gang members. [101] Additionally, there were fountains and hammams (bathhouses). Two functioning cable cars provide year long access from the outskirts of the city. Serdica became part of the First Bulgarian Empire during the reign of Khan Krum in 809, after a long siege. NY: Harry N. Abrams Inc., 1998. [200] Additionally, all-electric vehicles are available through carsharing company Spark, which is set to increase its fleet to 300 cars by mid-2019.[201]. In the immediate vicinity, other historical remains are preserved, such as the municipal baths, the marketplace, and The Holy Sunday Church. Masterpieces of Bulgarian painting are on display at The National Art Gallery, located in what was formerly the Bulgarian Royal Palace. The Iskar flows north and forms the Iskar Gorge. [38] In these documents the city is called Sofia, but at the same time the region and the city's inhabitants are still called Sredecheski (, "of Sredets"), which continued until the 20th century. Multinationals with major research, development, innovation and engineering centers in Sofia include the second largest global IT center of Coca-Cola,[175] Ubisoft,[176] Hewlett-Packard,[177] VMware,[178] Robert Bosch GmbH,[179] Financial Times,[180] Experian, etc. The city was called Atralisa by the Arab traveller Idrisi and Strelisa, Stralitsa or Stralitsion by the Crusaders. [31][32] The emperor Marcus Ulpius Traianus (53117 AD) gave the city the combinative name of Ulpia Serdica;[33][34] Ulpia may be derived from an Umbrian cognate of the Latin word lupus, meaning "wolf"[35] or from the Latin vulpes (fox). Kliment Ohridski, Tel. Bulgarian rule was restored in 1878. The birth rate per 1000 people was 12.3 per mile and steadily increasing in the last 5 years, the death rate reaching 12.1 per mile and decreasing. Consulted online on 23 January 2018. Sofia entered a period of economic and political decline in the 17th century, accelerated during the period of anarchy in the Ottoman Balkans of the late 18th and early 19th century, when local Ottoman warlords ravaged the countryside. One of Sofias favorite spots for both visitors and residents is Vitosha Boulevard. Sofias parks are a favorite place for rest and recreation. The author outlines specific aspects of system implementation, automation, monitoring, and evaluation of OJC systems. OJC systems use locally developed and validated instruments, one at intake and another after a period of confinement, that identify the level of risk and needs presented by an inmate so that appropriate housing and program assignments can be made. Aleko is at an altitude of 1,800 meters, and its slopes face north. The Vitosha Nature Park (the oldest national park in the Balkans)[118] includes most of Vitosha mountain and covers an area of 266 square kilometres (103sqmi),[119] with roughly half of it lying within the municipality of Sofia. Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions. [207], A number of secondary language schools provide education in a selected foreign language. Sofia is Bulgarias capital and its largest city. We provide training to help local jurisdictions learn the core elements of CITs and assess agency readiness to start a CIT. There are four principal parks Borisova gradina in the city centre and the Southern, Western and Northern parks. The urban area of Sofia hosts some 1.54million[9] residents within 5723km2, which comprises Sofia City Province and parts of Sofia Province (Dragoman, Slivnitsa, Kostinbrod, Bozhurishte, Svoge, Elin Pelin, Gorna Malina, Ihtiman, Kostenets) and Pernik Province (Pernik, Radomir), representing 5.16% of the country territory. Following his capture in 1873, Vasil Levski was transferred and hanged in Sofia by the Ottomans. As part of the 3-Tier prison system, Level 3 is considered General Population, but is designed for individuals who are more likely to, or have previously engage(d), in disruptive prison behavior. The data generated through the classification process can also be used for operational, management, and planning purposes. The families that consist of two people are 46.8%, another 34.2% of the families are made up by three people, whereas most of the households (36.5%) consist of only one person.[116]. In 809, Serdica was incorporated into the Bulgarian Empire by Khan Krum and became known as Sredets. With their vital, humanistic realism they are a Renaissance phenomenon at its culmination phase in the context of the common-European art.[152]. [105][106] In 1610 the Vatican established the See of Sofia for Catholics of Rumelia, which existed until 1715 when most Catholics had emigrated. Sofia's geographic location, in the foothills of the weekend retreat Vitosha mountain, further adds to the city's specific atmosphere. The hot springs at Bankya, a nearby resort offer wonderful facilities for rest, recreation, and wellness. The city became an inseparable part of The First Bulgarian Empire (7th-9th centuries) under Han Omurtag (reign 814-831). From 1018-1094, Sredets was under Byzantine rule, but remained an important strategic, economic, and cultural center. Since 2015, the National Art Gallery, the National Gallery for Foreign Art (NGFA) and the Museum of Contemporary Art Sofia Arsenal were merged to form the National Gallery. Sofia (/sofi, sf-, sofi/ SOH-fee-, SOF-;[14][15] Bulgarian: , romanized:Sofiya,[16][17] IPA:[sfij] (listen)) is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria. According to the census, 1,056,738 citizens (87.9%) are recorded as ethnic Bulgarians, 17,550 (1.5%) as Romani, 6,149 (0.5%) as Turks, 9,569 (0.8%) belonged to other ethnic groups, 6,993 (0.6%) do not self-identify and 105,762 (8.8%) remained with undeclared affiliation. The Parliament Building, Monument to the Liberator (in honor of the Russian Tsar Alexander II, who was instrumental in freeing Bulgaria from Ottoman rule), and the campus of Sofia University Saint Kliment Ohradski are three more of the citys major symbols. Other points of interest in the city include the Lion Bridge, the Eagle Bridge, the Russian Monument, and the monument to Vasil Levski (a Bulgarian revolutionary hero who gave his life in the struggle to free Bulgaria from the Ottomans in the 19th century). In total there were 11 big and over 100 small mosques by the 17th century. [153] Tennis is increasingly popular in the city. During the Communist Party rule, a number of the city's most emblematic streets and squares were renamed for ideological reasons, with the original names restored after 1989.[115]. The maximum vertical drop is 780 meters. "[102], From the 14th century till the 19th century Sofia was an important administrative center in the Ottoman Empire. Inmates incarcerated in the ADOC will be classified into groups by security level, custody, and program needs as defined in the ADOC Classification Manual. This web site uses cookies. Winters are relatively cold and snowy. (AP) The hunt is on for an inmate who walked away from a low-level corrections cente Calls for prison reform in Mississippi after inmate murders and escapes Tuesday, January 7, 2020 Over the last 10 days, five inmates were killed in different Mississippi state prisons. Until 1949, 13,114 buildings were constructed and between 10,000 and 20,000 in each following decade. Amid of the citys religious landmarks, directly across from The Presidential Palace, is the National Archeological Museum, which has in its collection some of the most valuable treasures discovered in Bulgaria. Sofia is also home to Bulgarias most prestigious and largest educational institutions universities, colleges, and middle schools that offer solidly-grounded, up-to-date instruction in such disciplines as Architecture, Medicine, The Humanities, Engineering, Music and Choreography, and Fine Arts. Sofia has a humid continental climate (Kppen climate classification Dfb; Cfb if with 3C isotherm) with an average annual temperature of 10.9C (51.6F). The National Opera and Ballet of Bulgaria is a combined opera and ballet collective established in 1891. Artificial and dam lakes were built in the twentieth century. Name . A number of ancient Roman, Byzantine and medieval Bulgarian buildings are preserved in the centre of the city. The Bulgarian Volleyball Federation is the world's second-oldest, and it was an exhibition tournament organised by the BVF in Sofia that convinced the International Olympic Committee to include volleyball as an olympic sport in 1957. Thus, Sofia became the first capital on the world to be overflown by enemy aircraft.[114]. Top-circulation newspapers include 24 Chasa and Trud. Plovdiv remained the most populous Bulgarian town until 1892 when Sofia took the lead. Ten of the peaks in the Vitosha Range are over 2,000 meters; the highest is Cherni Vrah (Black Peak), in the center of the park, at 2,290 meters. Inmate Inquiry. Serdika was the favorite city of Constantine the Great (reign 306-337), who said: Serdika is my Rome. In roughly 175, massive fortified walls, with four watchtowers were built to protect the city, and a second outer fortified wall was added during the 5th-6th centuries. Six new stations were opened in 2009, two more in April 2012, and eleven more in August 2012. Opportunities for sport and recreation in the capital are many and varied outdoor swimming pools, tennis courts, modern gymnasiums and sports halls, and parks. As part of the 3-Tier prison system, Level 1 inmates are granted the highest levels of privilege and autonomy whenever possible (subject to operational needs of the facility). Near Sofia, in the Vitosha, Lozen, and Stara Planina (Central Balkan) Mountains, over the centuries so many monasteries have been founded that they came to be known as Sofias Holy Mountains. 151156. Another Christian monument in the region is the Saint Joseph Catholic Cathedral. [210] More than 20,000 students[211] study in its 16 faculties. At the beginning of the 9th century, the Bulgarian Han Krum (reign 803-814) invaded Serdika. Prison classification is a method of assessing inmate risks that balance security requirements with program needs. Heinrichs. [158] Nearly all of these were constructed as competition venues and therefore have seating facilities for several hundred people. LI, 25, 4 erhellt)", "Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. During the time of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1393), Sredets took on the appearance of a large Medieval city its narrow, crowded streets witnessed the construction of more and more small churches and monasteries, which later became Sofias Holy Mountain. Regional Member Sofia", "Shared Electric Vehicles Spark in Sofia Increase by 170", "Fines for bad repair work 'Dnevnik' newspaper", " - ", "Official website of the Sofia university History", "Sofia University aims to attract more foreign students", "Bulgaria's Nuclear Institute: New Cyclotron To Become Operational in 2 Years", ". . [181] Several office and tech clusters have been established across the city, including Business Park Sofia, Sofia Tech Park, Capital Fort and others. He considered making Serdica the capital of the Byzantine Empire instead of Constantinople. In the 500s BC, the area became part of a Thracian state union, the Odrysian kingdom from another Thracian tribe the Odrysses. [51] The warmest year on record was 2019 with an annual temperature of 11.9C (53F).[52]. Sofia is relatively close to the capitals of most Balkan countries: Ankara is 1,012 km; Athens is 837 km; Beograd is 374 km; Bucharest is 395 km; Zagreb is 762 km; Ljubljana is 897 km; Sarajevo is 549 km; Skopje is 239 km; Tirana is 553 km. [167], The city's GDP (PPS) per capita stood at 29,600 ($33,760) in 2015, one of the highest in Southeast Europe and well above other cities in the country. [10] The metropolitan area of Sofia is based upon one hour of car travel time, stretches internationally and includes Dimitrovgrad in Serbia. We provide training on key elements in jail administration, jail resource management, and building a productive relationship between jail officials and their funding authority. There is also a wide variety of hostels and smaller family guesthouses. [33][34] It became a municipium during the reign of Emperor Trajan (98117). [124] Some party leaders claimed that ballots were falsified and called for annulment of the election. [80], The Celtic tribe Serdi gave their name to the city. They are Aleko and Konyarnika. [190], Public transport is well-developed with bus (2,380km (1,479mi)),[191] tram (308km (191mi))[192] and trolleybus (193km (120mi))[193] lines running in all areas of the city. [53][54], The geographic position of the Sofia Valley limits the flow of air masses, increasing the chances of air pollution by particulate matter and nitrogen oxide. Sofia was declared the national capital in 1879. [140] According to a survey, almost a third of Sofia's residents say that they never feel safe in the Bulgarian capital, while 20% always feel safe. The driest recorded year was 2000 with a total precipitation of 304.6mm (11.99in), while the wettest year on record was 2014 with a total precipitation of 1,066.6mm (41.99in). 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